Dynamic Responses Analysis of a Building Structure Subjected to Ground Shock from a Tunnel Explosion

Dynamic responses of a multi-storey building without or with a sliding base-isolation device for ground shock induced by an in-tunnel explosion are numerically analyzed. The effect of an adjacent tunnel in between the building and the explosion tunnel, which affects ground shock propagation , is considered in the analysis. Different modeling methods, such as the eight-node equal-parametric finite element and mass-lumped system, are used to establish the coupling model consisting of the two adjacent tunnels, the surrounding soil medium with the Lysmer viscous boundary condition, and the multi-storey building with or without the sliding base-isolation device. In numerical calculations , a continuous friction model, which is different from the traditional Coulomb friction model, is adopted to improve the computational efficiency and reduce the accumulated errors. Some example analyses are subsequently performed to study the response characteristics of the building and the sliding base-isolation device to ground shock. The effect of the adjacent tunnel in between the building and the explosion tunnel on the ground shock wave propagation is also investigated. The final conclusions based on the numerical results will provide some guidance in engineering practice.     

Analysis of blast wave propagation inside tunnel

The explosion inside tunnel would generate blast wave which transmits through the longitudinal tunnel. Because of the close-in effects of the tunnel and the reflection by the confining tunnel structure, blast wave propagation inside tunnel is distinguished from that in air. When the explosion happens inside tunnel, the overpressure peak is higher than that of explosion happening in air. The continuance time of the blast wave also becomes longer. With the help of the numerical simulation finite element software LS-DYNA, a three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic simulation analysis for an explosion experiment inside tunnel was carried out. LS-DYNA is a fully integrated analysis program specifically designed for nonlinear dynamics and large strain problems. Compared with the experimental results, the simulation results have made the material parameters of numerical simulation model available. By using the model and the same material parameters, many results were adopted by calculating the model under different TNT explosion dynamites. Then the method of dimensional analysis was used for the simulation results. As overpressures of the explosion blast wave are the governing factor in the tunnel responses, a formula for the explosion blast wave over-pressure at a certain distance from the detonation center point inside the tunnel was derived by using the dimensional analysis theory. By comparing the results computed by the formula with experimental results which were obtained before, the formula was proved to be very applicable at some instance. The research may be helpful to estimate rapidly the effect of internal explosion of tunnel on the structure.     

Dynamic Responses Analysis of a Building Structure Subjected to Ground Shock from a Tunnel Explosion

Dynamic responses of a multi-storey building without or with a sliding base-isolation device for ground shock induced by an in-tunnel explosion are numerically analyzed. The effect of an adjacent tunnel in between the building and the explosion tunnel, which affects ground shock propagation, is considered in the analysis. Different modeling methods, such as the eight-node equal-parametric finite element and mass-lumped system, are used to establish the coupling model consisting of the two adjacent tunnels, the surrounding soil medium with the Lysmer viscous boundary condition, and the multi-storey building with or without the sliding base-isolation device. In numerical calculations, a continuous friction model, which is different from the traditional Coulomb friction model, is adopted to improve the computational efficiency and reduce the accumulated errors. Some example analyses are subsequently performed to study the response characteristics of the building and the sliding base-isolation device to ground shock. The effect of the adjacent tunnel in between the building and the explosion tunnel on the ground shock wave propagation is also investigated. T.he final conclusions based on the numerical results will provide some guidance in engineering practice.     

小药量作用下框支玻璃防爆距离的爆炸试验

在发生爆炸时作为建筑外墙装饰的玻璃首先受到冲击作用,本文分析小药量作用下框支玻璃的安全距离确定方法,并且进行了爆炸荷载作用下框支玻璃的抗爆性能的试验研究.最后提出了小药量爆炸下国内关于玻璃抗爆安全距离计算公式偏保守和可以用爆炸冲击波超压峰值来确定玻璃抗爆安全距离.     

Numerical and Experimental Investigation into Plane Charge Explosion Technique

Plane charge explosion technique (PCET) is one of the major techniques frequently used in large-scale blast-resistant structure tests. An FEM model was established, which can simulate the process of air releasing from the blast cavity. The effects of the charge density, the interval of the charge strip, the distance of the charges from the structure, and the mass of backfill soil on the overpressures applied on the tested structures were analyzed by the FEM model. The quantitative relationships between the peak value and the duration of the overpressure and the above-mentioned affecting parameters were established. Agreement between numerical results and the test data was obtained.     

挡墙对爆炸形成的空气冲击波防护效应的三维数值模拟研究

本文对爆轰产物采用JWL状态方程，通过多流体网Euler型算法，应用自行编制MMIC3D程序，模拟了在爆点附近有无障碍物的三雏爆炸场的初始发展的情况，以及不同形状的防护挡墙对爆炸效应的影响，计算结果基本符合物理规律，这说明本文采用的模型及算法是合理的，并可用来进一步模拟爆炸对远场的作用效应，得到了对实际具有参考价值的计算结果。     

Numerical Simulation of the Flat Ribbon Wound Explosion Containment Vessels Subjected to Internal Blast Loading

In order to constitute engineering design methods of the flat ribbon wound explosion containment vessels, the dynamic response of such vessels subjected to internal explosion loading is simulated using LS-DYNA3D. Three winding angles, 10°, 15°and 20°, are considered. It is shown that among ribbon vessels investigated, the center displacement of outermost ribbons of the vessel with 10°winding angle is the smallest under the same blast loading. The response of vessels loaded in inner core is local. From the center of the cylindrical shell to the bottom cover, the maximum strain gradually decreases. The ribbons are subjected to tension in the length direction and compression in the width direction. Blasting shock energy concentrates on where is close to center section of blasting. For comparison, numerical simulation of a monobloc thick-walled explosion containment vessel is also investigated. It can be found that the biggest deformation of the flat ribbon wound explosion containment vessels is bigger than that of the monobloc thick-walled explosion containment vessel in the center section of blasting under the same TNT. Numerical results are approximately in agreement with experimental ones. It is proved that the ribbon vessels have the valuable properties of " leak before burst at worst" compared with the monobloc vessels through numerical simulation.     

A numerical study on the high-velocity impact behavior of pressure pipes

Pressure pipes are widely used in modern industry with some in potentially dangerous situations of explosion and impact. The security problems of these pipes when subjected to impact have attracted a lot of attention. A non-linear numerical model has therefore been developed to investigate the dynamic behavior of pressure pipes subjected to high-velocity impact. A high strain rate effect on the pipe response is considered here and the fluid and pipe interaction is modeled to include the coupling effect between the deformation of the pipe and its internal pressure. Low-velocity and high-velocity impact experimental results are used to verify the numerical model, and a reasonable agreement between the numerical and experimental results has been achieved. The effects on the dynamic behavior of the pipes of the nose shape of the projectile, the diameter of the spherical projectile, and the pipe wall thickness and internal pressure, are investigated quantitatively. During high-velocity impacts, the increase of pressure in the pipes decreases their resistance to perforation. A rise in internal pressure increases the elastic resistance of the pipes toward impacts without crack formation.     

Analysis on Dynamic Response of Hard-Soft-Hard Sandwich Panel Under Blast Loading

Surface contact explosion experiments have been performed for the study of dynamic response of the hard-soft-hard sandwich panel under blast loading. Experimental results have shown that there are four damage modes, including explosion cratering, scabbing of the backside, radial cracking induced failure and circumferential cracking induced failure. It also illustrates that the foam material sandwiched in the multi-layered media has an important effect on damage patterns. The phenomena encountered have been analyzed by the calculation with ALE method. Meanwhile, the optimal analysis of foam material thickness and position in the sandwich panel were performed in terms of experimental and numerical analysis. The proper thickness proportion of the soft layer is about 20% to the thickness of sandwich panel and the thickness of the upper hard layer and lower hard layer is in the ratio of 7 to 3 under the condition in this paper when the total thickness of soft layer remains constant.     

Effect of Shock Wave on Fabricated Anti-Blast Wall and Distribution Law Around the Wall Under Near Surface Explosion

The loads of shock wave effect on fabricated anti-blast wall and distribution law around the wall were investigated by using near surface explosion test method and FEM.The pressure-time histories and variety law on the foreside and backside of the anti-blast wall were adopted in the tests of variety of different explosion distances and dynamites,as well as in the comparison between the test and numerical calculation.The test results show that the loads of shock wave effect on the anti-blast wall were essen-tially consistent with calculation results using criterion under surface explosion when explosion distances exceed 2 m,the distribution of overpressure behind wall was gained according to variety law based on small-large-small.It is also demonstrated that the peak overpressure behind wall had commonly appeared in wall height by 1.5--2.5 multiples,and the peak overpressures of protective building behind wall could be reduced effectively by using the fabricated anti-blast wall.     

用有限元方法分析玻璃载芯片封装中的热力耦合问题

超薄液晶显示器(LCD)模块在经历了热压键合后,由于驱动芯片和玻璃基板之间的温度差异较大,会引起一定程度上的翘曲,并最终导致连接点界面分层现象的发生,影响器件连接可靠性。用实验的方法对比进行研究比较困难,我们用有限元数值模拟的方法并选择通用软件ANSYS对这一现象进行了分析;并详细分析了键合压力、温度、基板温度和IC/玻璃厚度对翘曲的影响。从分析中得知,导致玻璃翘曲的主要原因是键合温度。     

汽车玻璃钢化模具风栅铝片三轴加工

为了解决汽车玻璃钢化模具生产中依赖五轴机床加工的问题，提出以离散化曲面片拟合钢化模具工作型面的方法。首先根据玻璃模型的微分几何特征计算得加权平均弧长，按照等弧长等原则剖分玻璃模型，并设计风栅片的尺寸、公差，确定其技术要求；研究了风栅铝片三轴铣削加工中装夹方法、刀具选择、走刀规划以及切削参数确定方法；通过设计纵向靠尺的方法实现大量铝片的精确装配。结果表明，该方法生产出的风栅成型模具符合生产要求。     

前混合水射流喷丸强化表面粗糙度预测

选择对喷丸表面粗糙度起主要影响作用的喷丸压力、喷嘴扫描速度和靶距3个因素,各6个水平,选用直径为0.25 mm的玻璃弹丸,应用前混合水射流对2A11铝合金进行喷丸试验;采用针描法和SJ-201 Surface Roughness Tester测量喷丸表面粗糙度;基于表面粗糙度试验数据,应用多元线性回归和多项式回归分析方法建立喷丸表面粗糙度数学模型,并将模型应用于喷丸表面粗糙度预测,研究表明:多元线性回归预测模型,计算精度高、泛化能力强、预测效果好,平均相对误差为13.37％,能够满足工业生产对喷丸表面粗糙度预测精度的要求,具有较大的实用价值.     

Analysis of structural response under blast loads using the coupled SPH-FEM approach

A numerical model using the coupled smoothed panicle hydrodynamics-finite element method （SPH-FEM） approach is presented for analysis of structures under blast loads. The analyses on two numerical cases, one for free field explosive and the other for structural response under blast loads, are performed to model the whole processes from the propagation of the pressure wave to the response of structures. Based on the simulation, it is concluded that this model can be used for reasonably accurate explosive analysis of structures. The resulting information would be valuable for protecting structures under blast loads.     

结构上任意两点动态响应的传递关系分析

工程实际中,由于不能获取结构所承受的外载荷而导致无法利用数值计算方法求解结构上关心位置动态响应的问题,提出了采用数值计算和试验相结合的解决问题的途径.通过对结构模态分析,提取出结构相关模态参数,并建立结构上任意两点动态响应的传递关系,然后通过其中一点动态响应的测试数据来计算其它任意点的实际动态响应.     

Geotechnical centrifuge model tests for explosion cratering and propagation laws of blast wave in sand

This paper presents the explosion cratering effects and their propagation laws of blast waves in dry standard sands using a 450 g-t geotechnical centrifuge apparatus. Ten centrifuge model tests were completed with various ranges of explosive mass, burial depth and centrifuge accelerations. Eleven accelerometers were installed to record the acceleration response in sand. The dimensions of the explosion craters were measured after the tests. The results demonstrated that the relationship between the dimensionless parameters of cratering efficiency and gravity scaled yield is a power regression function. Three specific function equations were obtained. The results are in general agreement with those obtained by other studies. A scaling law based on the combination of the π terms was used to fit the results of the ten model tests with a correlation coefficient of 0.931. The relationship can be conveniently used to predict the cratering effects in sand. The results also showed that the peak acceleration is a power increasing function of the acceleration level. An empirical exponent relation between the proportional peak acceleration and distance is proposed. The propagation velocity of blast waves is found to be ranged between 200 and 714 m/s.     

脉冲激光烧蚀固体：从正常蒸发转变到相爆炸

本文系统地讨论了脉冲激光烧蚀固体材料时,随激光能量密度的增加,从正常蒸发转变到相爆炸的全过程。首先提出正常蒸发情况下的烧蚀模型,利用此模型,基于Ni靶材,得到激光的透射率随时间的演化规律,以及烧蚀厚度随激光能量密度的变化规律,将所得结果比实验值进行了详细地比较分析,发现我们的结果与实验值达到令人满意的吻合。其次,还讨论了脉冲激光烧蚀靶材时,随激光能量密度变化,烧蚀过程中将出现的亚表面加热,正常沸腾及相爆炸现象。     

Analysis of dynamical response to large deformation of piles with initial displacements

In this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model for analyzing dynamical response to the large deformation of piles with initial displacements is firstly established with the arc-coordinate, and it is a set of nonlinear integral-differential equations, in which, the Winkeler model is used to simulate the resistance of the soil to the pile. Secondly, a set of new auxiliary functions are introduced. The differential-integral equations are transformed into a set of nonlinear differential equations,and the differential quadrature method (DQM) and the finite difference method (FDM) are applied to discretize the set of nonlinear equations in the spatial and time domains, respectively. Then, the Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the set of discretization algebraic equations at each time step. Finally, numerical examples are presented, and the dynamical responses to the deformation of piles, including configuration, bending moment and shear force, are graphically illuminated. In calculation, two types of initial displacements and dynamical loads are applied, and the effects of parameters on the dynamical responses of piles are analyzed in detail.     

Time domain system identification of unknown initial conditions

System identification is a method for using measured data to create or improve a mathematical model of the object being tested. From the measured data however, noise is noticed at the beginning of the response. One solution to avoid this noise problem is to skip the noisy data and then use the initial conditions as active parameters, to be found by using the system identification process. This paper describes the development of the equations for setting up the initial conditions as active parameters. The simulated data and response data from actual shear buildings were used to prove the accuracy of both the algorithm and the computer program, which include the initial conditions as active parameters. The numerical and experimental model analysis showed that the value of mass, stiffness and frequency were very reasonable and that the computed acceleration and measured acceleration matched very well.     

Time domain system identification of unknown initial conditions

System identification is a method for using measured data to create or improve a mathematical model of the object being tested. From the measured data however, noise is noticed at the beginning of the response. One solution to avoid this noise problem is to skip the noisy data and then use the initial conditions as active parameters, to be found by using the system identification process. This paper describes the development of the equations for setting up the initial conditions as active parameters. The simulated data and response data from actual shear buildings were used to prove the accuracy of both the algorithm and the computer program, which include the initial conditions as active parameters. The numerical and experimental model analysis showed that the value of mass, stiffness and frequency were very reasonable and that the computed acceleration and measured acceleration matched very well.