Powerful Actor and Hesitant Institutionalization: The State in the History of Turkish Football

We examine the validity of the assumptions of the new institutional theory about the state over the history of national football league as an institutional field in Turkey. The state is not out of the field, on the contrary, at the centre of the field, and is not an ordinary actor but the most important one although the intensity of the state’s impact changes from time to time. Sometimes, the state founds the football clubs and administrates them directly, decides who will be the champion; and sometimes, authorizes the regulative agency and gives autonomy. However, despite the state’s coercive power on the ground, the Turkish football field is still far from being fully institutionalized with its fluctuating structure.     

论我国足球场观众暴力

运用文献资料与访谈法对我国足球场观众暴力的原因进行了研究,分析以下几个原因:裁判的影响、社会原因、项目本身的特点、安检与警察问题以及球场内部暴力的影响等.     

足球观众暴力行为诱因分析及对策研究

本文通过问卷调查，文献资料，逻辑分析等方法，分析了诱发足球观众暴力行为的原因。结果发现，诱发足球观众暴力行为的主要因素包括：社会因素；心理因素；管理因素以及其它因素。并在此分析的基础上针对性的提出消除和防止暴力行为的对策及意见。     

中国足球暴力成因探析

在文献研究的基础上,对国际上超过110份比赛案例和录像资料及我国发生在2008-2012年的24起典型足球暴力事件的样本进行整理分析,并采访了业内多位专家,对我国足球暴力产生的原因进行详细探究,认为足球暴力主要源于足球比赛自身特点、足球暴力行为主体和社会环境等因素,遏制足球暴力也应从这些方面着手.     

The Most Salient Matches in the History of Premier League Football

What are the most surprising, most impressive and most exciting matches in the history of the highest division of English football? Fans, clubs, critics and broadcasters often attempt to interpret and compare the outcomes of football matches. This can be useful as a means of building a reputation for and interest in a particular club, match or competition. However, such analysis is often subjective with fan bias, personal preference and the prize on offer influencing expectation and interpretation of the results. In this paper statistical measures are developed to identify the most surprising, most impressive and most exciting outcomes from an objective ex post point of view. To achieve this it is assumed that goal scoring in soccer can approximately be considered as a Poisson process. First, the most surprising outcomes are estimated as those with the lowest Poisson probability to occur. Second, the most impressive outcomes are identified by their so-called Skellam percentile position. This measure varies between 0 and 1 and has a close relationship with the p-value in statistical testing. Finally, the most exciting match is identified by measuring the variability in the win expectancy during a match.     

我国男子足球职业联赛球场观众暴力问题的研究

采用文献资料法对我国男子足球联赛8年来球场观众暴力问题进行研究，结果表明：（1）我国男子足球职业联赛观众暴力行为有逐年上升的趋势；（2）足球观众暴力从表面上看与裁判员的判罚有直接关系。但实际上是多种因素综合作用的结果；（3）遏制足球观众暴力，关键要做好对广大球迷的教育与疏导工作，同时警方应进一步加强球场的安全保卫工作；（4）要学习足球先进国家在防范与治理球场观众暴力方面的经验。     

论欧盟反足球观众暴力的举措

欧盟对足球观众暴力的规制起源于海瑟尔惨案,海瑟尔球场惨案是欧盟防控足球观众暴力过程中的一个标志性的事件。欧盟反足球观众暴力的重要措施分为两种,即不具有法律效力的措施和具有法律效力的措施。在两者之中,前者是后者的基础,后者是前者的保障。     

Football: A History of Semantic and Cultural Borrowing [1]

Sport is a practice, yet it is also a language conveying the representations of those who structure it and those who employ it. The contribution of numerous English lexical units to the lexicon of other languages in touch with United Kingdom participates in the diffusion of sport and its level of penetration in geographical spaces. France does not escape this phenomenon and its language borrows from its Anglo-Saxon neighbour. Anglicisms have been described in opprobrious terms for a long time by critics who consider them the sign of France's dependence on the British Empire. Through the analysis of five types of anglicisms (intact, truncated, gallicized, signified and signifier anglicism) and about 60 lexical units, we will identify the privileged forms of borrowings, their origins and the meaning to be attributed to them and thus show the role of sport in general and football in particular in linguistic and cultural diffusion.     

足球骚乱和暴力的应对策略探析

足球骚乱和暴力已经成为一种世界范围的社会现象。怎样应对和控制足球骚乱和暴力的形成和发展是一个重要课题。仅就它的成因及应对策略等方面进行探讨，以求使足球运动得到健康发展。     

足球骚乱和暴力成因的社会学思考

从社会学的角度来分析，足球骚乱和暴力属于一种集群行为，它具有集群行为的各种典型特征。形成足球骚乱和暴力的成因诸多，以社会心理学的视角来分析探讨它的成因。     

Women,Football and History: International Perspectives

This paper provides an overview of a collection of works related to women and football from international perspectives. After a general discursive introduction, the material discussed has its emphasis on studies connected to women and football that occur outside the locus of established scholarship. In particular, it is noted that the works concentrate on the geographic locations of New Zealand, Australia and the USA, and four major football codes are covered. The investigations are also not limited to women playing football, but female spectators and coterie groups are also considered. In terms of variety, different methodological and theoretical approaches are adopted, and a range of time periods are reflected on. Given the existing state of play, it would seem there is still much to be uncovered, documented and written about when it comes to women and the football codes. The conclusion is that any research agenda that emerges from observations on international perspectives concerning the relationship of women with football will continue to resonate and add value to wider understandings of sport and gender.     

荷兰足球历史崛起与持续发展探究

运用文献资料法和逻辑分析法,对荷兰足球历史崛起和持续发展进行探讨。首先,对荷兰足球发展的三个历史时期进行了简要回顾,分别为业余时代荷兰足球的低迷、职业化时代荷兰足球走向崛起以及"博斯曼法案"后荷兰足球的动荡与坚定。其次,对荷兰足球历史崛起与持续发展的重要因素进行了剖析,认为深刻的社会转型是促使荷兰足球迅速崛起的直接推力,国家二次崛起的心态是荷兰足球走向强盛的文化内因,青训系统与技战术风格的衔接是荷兰足球持续发展的驱动力所在,荷兰语言文化和国家移民历史客观上为荷兰足球持续发展提供了隐性支持。最后则论述了荷兰足球发展对我国足球运动发展的启示。     

基于危机管理视域下的意大利足球暴力成因研究

意大利是世界上最严重的足球暴力行为的发生地之一,其暴力行为具有危害性大、组织性强以及频率高等特点。意大利足球暴力的产生除了具有深刻的历史文化背景和复杂的社会学以及政治学等原因外,还与其外在的管理环境有着密切联系,主要表现在：法律权威的消解、管理制度执行力不足、球迷监管机制的不完善以及体育媒体管理的弱化等。