提高高校科技创新能力新探

高校科技创新是我国国家创新体系建设工作的重要组成部分。当前高校面临基础研究缺乏重大理论突破和科研成果转化率低两大问题。要提高高校科技创新能力,大学必须深化科技体制改革,政府必须营造公正的科研环境,促进校企合作,并使企业成为技术开发的主体。     

创新创业的挑战与大学发展范式的变革

不同时代的大学基于经济社会发展的不同需要,有着不同的发展范式。现代大学以教学和科研为中心,创新创业只是高等教育的一个子目标。伴随以要素和投资规模为驱动的经济-技术范式向以创新为驱动的经济-技术范式的转移,高等教育将面临创新创业失灵的挑战,大学的发展范式也不可避免地要经历变迁。在信息技术革命加速推进的背景下,通过理论引领变革大学发展范式以应对创新创业挑战成为一种必然的选择。在基于知识的社会里,大学是创新的引擎和创业的孵化器,唯有以创新创业为发展范式的大学,才能保障人类经济社会发展和繁荣的可持续性。     

From chalk to keyboard in higher education classrooms: changes and coherence when integrating technological knowledge into pedagogical content knowledge

Abstract

The European Higher Education Area has promoted reconsidering the role played by teachers at universities. Faculties are expected to design learning activities that promote the acquisition of competencies among students. In this context, technologies have garnered prominence as they contribute to creating student-centred learning environments. This study answers these research questions: (1) To what extent has university teaching changed with the implementation of digital technologies in university classrooms? What technology-based learning activities are incorporated in instructional designs by the teachers? (2) How does the faculty describe the integration of technological knowledge into pedagogical content knowledge when designing and developing technology-based learning activities? (3) According to university teachers, which other factors (intrinsic or extrinsic) determine the use of digital technologies in their learning designs? To answer these questions, we have collected data from two differentiated samples of university teachers using the Inventory of Learning Activities with Technology at the University and semi-structured interviews. First, the results reveal that teachers use technologies to carry out learning activities focusing on the content and the teacher. Student-centred learning activities are only timidly being incorporated. Second, the extent to which such activities are implemented is linked to the teachers’ techno-pedagogical content knowledge. Third, the factors that facilitate or inhibit teachers from using technologies in the teaching–learning process respond to intrinsic aspects, such as teachers’ knowledge and beliefs, but also to extrinsic and contextual issues, such as the discipline taught or institutional policy at the university regarding the use of educational technologies.     

澳大利亚科研经费管理和促进研究产业化对我国高校的启示——以澳大利亚国立大学为例

科学管理并合理使用科研经费以及科研成果产业化是高校面临的重要课题。澳大利亚促进科研投入的立法和措施完备,科研管理及绩效评估成熟;澳大利亚国立大学是世界一流的研究型大学,科研管理工作严谨有序,科研成果产业化有效开展。我国高校对其进行借鉴,通过完善制度体系、开展从业教育、健全机构设置等,加强对科研经费的管理并促进科研成果产业化。     

高校科研管理的现状及创新途径

科学有效的科研管理工作对于提升高校科技创新的能力与水平,具有不可或缺的重要地位和作用。本文阐述了提升高校科研管理水平的重要意义,分析了当前我国高校科技管理工作中存在的主要问题,并有针对性地提出了推进我国高校科技管理创新的对策和建议。     

From concept to reality in implementing the Knowledge Triangle

The concept of Knowledge Triangle (KT) links together research, education and innovation and replaces the traditional ‘one way’ flow of knowledge, essentially from research to education, by a ‘both ways’ circular motion between all the corners of a triangle that, besides research and education, also includes innovation, the ‘poor relation’ of many universities. What are the main issues – barriers and drivers – and what could be done in order to make the concept of KT a strong reality in engineering education? In this paper, the authors intend to bring some answers by analysing three cases coming from actors operating at the three corners of the KT: students, academic staff and engineers in industry.     

Women Faculty of Color: Stories Behind the Statistics

In this qualitative study we address two primary research questions: What are the experiences of women faculty of color (WFOC) who departed the tenure track at predominantly White, research universities? Using the modified lens of the newcomer adjustment framework, what socialization factors may have contributed to the WFOCs’ departure? Through a longitudinal, in-depth examination of three WFOC who left their university prior to earning tenure, themes of gendered and racialized tokenization and isolation, a need for a more intrusive style of mentoring, and poor institutional fit were identified. Implications for future research on faculty members’ social identity and promising practices for faculty development are shared.     

A University Name Change: Significance of Faculty Involvement

ABSTRACT

The landscape of higher education is more competitive now than ever before. Colleges and universities are changing and refocusing their identity, missions, and strategic visions to better serve students, prospective students, partners, and other external constituencies. As a result, many colleges and universities have changed their name to distinguish and differentiate themselves in this growing and evolving marketplace. This study takes a closer look into the phenomenon of a university strategic name change process and faculty involvement. It addresses the following questions: How much faculty involvement is needed to facilitate a successful university strategic name process? What is the impact of faculty involvement on a university strategic name event? What are the drivers of a university strategic name change? What are the roles of faculty members in fulfilling the desired outcome(s) of university strategic name change events. This paper proposes that faculty involvement is pertinent to the process and outcomes of a strategic university name change.     

中美高校教育制度比较三题

知识经济是当今世界经济发展的主题,创新力则是其中最为关键的一环。决定创新力的重要因素在于高等教育制度,而我国的相关政策在激励创新方面效果并不理想。通过对中美学术成果产业化、交叉学科及研究型大学的制度建设进行比照和探讨,在展示了美国高等教育对学生创新能力的激励的同时,指出了我国高等教育在培养学生创新能力方面存在的缺陷,为我国高等教育制度的改革提供一些借鉴。     

Facing up to the risks in commercially focused university–industry R&D partnerships

The number of university–industry R&D partnerships (UIPs) has increased significantly over the past decade, in most OECD countries and in Australia, yet the study of risk in such commercially focused collaborative ventures is still a developing area. This review paper seeks to contribute to debate on this increasingly important phenomenon by addressing three key areas of risks for universities in entering such collaborations. The commercialization of research findings presents particular risks to universities, most notably the possibility of financial loss, which has a greater impact than for companies in cross‐sector collaborations. Another major type of risk faced by universities is relational risk, and this can significantly alter the trust dynamics that underpin research and innovation. There are also institutional risks to universities and their research staff engaged in commercializable R&D and, ultimately, to their reputation as a neutral source of expertise. It is argued there is a need for universities in Australia to develop comprehensive policies to manage the risks of commercialization and R&D collaboration with industry partners.     

哲学对于大学意味着什么

哲学与大学的繁荣有什么关系?哲学与一流大学的建设有何关系?哲学与科学的关系在大学诞生之后发生了什么变化?大学自身如何看待这些问题?德国大学的事实,古典大学的某些传统,以及我们自己的事实,都能够说明一些观点。事实证明,自从近代大学不断发展起来,科学与哲学就有了它们共同的理想安憩之地,有了它们共生共盛共荣的最好家园。没有什么能够跟科学与哲学的融合更能说明无用之大用的,没有什么能够比大学更能理解这一点。     

Competence development in the workplace: concepts, strategies and effects

In spite of the expectations that exist regarding efforts to develop competence and in spite of the large amounts of resources devoted to it, there is a marked lack of empirically-based research on competence development in companies and other organizations. The purpose of this article is to present a review of research on strategies for competence development in organizations, their prerequisites and effects. More specifically, the following three questions will be addressed: (i) Why do organizations invest in competence development? (ii) What effects can realistically be achieved through competence development? (iii) What characterizes successful strategies for competence development in organizations? Before these questions are dealt with, different views of the meaning of the concepts of competence and competence development are presented and discussed.     

Perceptions of Chinese students in an Australian university: are we meeting their needs?

This short-term longitudinal study sought to identify the issues faced by a group of international Chinese students undertaking study in an Australian university. While the focus was on educational issues, socio-cultural and personal factors were also examined in an attempt to identify the sorts of strategies students used in settling into a new socio-cultural and educational context. Interviews conducted at the beginning and end of the first semester of study indicate a range of issues that are supported by previous studies. What has not previously been highlighted, however, is the emphasis on speaking and listening skills which students reported they needed to improve. Lack of proficiency in these areas was seen by students as hampering their active participation in class, leading to lack of confidence in approaching Australian students, and resulting in their inability to benefit from the “Australian experience”. Many existing academic support structures in Australian universities tend to emphasize support with written and study skills. While this is important because of the direct impact on assessment, it is perhaps now opportune to place some emphasis on developing strategies and programmes that will support the development of students' speaking and listening skills, with a focus on intercultural communication.     

研究型大学的专利工作与学校的发展

本文从研究型大学的人才培养、科学研究和社会服务三大功能的角度讨论了专利工作与学校发展的关系。文章认为,专利精神是现代人才需要培养的重要素质,专利工作是高校科研工作的重要组成部分,而专利产业化是高等学校服务于社会的重要方式。     

What’s Yours is Mine: An Investigation of Current Copyright Policies of Education Journals

This research investigated the current copyright policies of 21 education journals published by academic societies, universities and university presses, and commercial publishers. For the sample I chose only journals with a copyright policy on the journal or publisher web site, and I then analyzed the content of the policies in order to answer three research questions. (1) What is the nature of copyright for education journals? (2) What evidence exists for the adoption of various copyright innovations (e.g., use of Creative Commons, shared copyright)? (3) Is innovation widespread or limited to certain types of journals? The findings indicate that 16 journals (76%) had traditional “transfer of copyright” policies. However, five journals (24%) offered a range of innovations, including shared copyright, author-retained copyright, first publication rights, and use of Creative Commons licensing.     

妇女学教学本土化的两点思考

从世界范围而言,各国妇女学的产生与发展有着相似的大背景和共同的目标,由于各国的国情不同,各国的妇女学必将走自己的路。在中国,妇女学从无到有,正在探索与形成之中。在大学开课,是妇女学发展的重要途径。本文探讨了在中国的高等院校进行妇女学教学应该回答的问题:妇女学如果作为大学的一门课程,或者是渗透于其它课程的教学内容,要达到什么目的和目标?应该讲什么?教学方法有什么不同?是否应该将其作为一门单独的学科来谈论和对待,就像是历史学或社会学?学术界的学者和教授,尤其是管理者应如何对其做出反应?它对中国的高等教育、学术研究、乃至政策将产生怎样的影响?本文将对这些问题的思考有机地融入怎样理解本土化,以及妇女学教学在中国的本土化应从何着眼这两条思考线索之中。     

Widening the discussion on HE leadership – leader dispositions and talents

What inherent personal leader qualities or dispositions do senior staff in universities say are necessary? What assumptions do we make about leadership in our universities and are they helpful? Are university staff surveys useful in giving both the leadership and staff a clear understanding of staff satisfaction levels related to how they are managed and led? This article looks at these important aspects of university leadership, gathering together HE leader/academic views, study findings and survey pointers to suggest dispositions and talents those in leadership positions should demonstrate in providing the right environment for staff.     

中国高校科技创新效率的区域差异及其收敛性分析——基于2000-2016年面板数据

高校是国家创新体系的重要组成部分,是科技产出的重要基地,其对国家创新体系建设和创新驱动战略实施具有巨大的推动作用。运用DEA-Malmquist指数法分析国内28个省(市、自治区)2000-2016年高校科技创新效率的变化规律,可以探明高校科技创新效率的收敛性及其影响因素。研究显示:我国高校科技创新全要素生产率整体呈增长态势,东部地区高校科技创新全要素生产率最大,主要得益于技术水平的提高;我国区域高校科技创新全要素生产率的差异有所下降,逐渐趋于σ收敛;全国及其东、中、西部地区均存在绝对β收敛和条件β收敛现象。为了进一步提升高校的科技创新效率,建议从合理配置科技资源、缩小科技创新效率地域差异、提升科研项目质量、建立完善的科研激励机制等方面进行改进。     

Interrupting the Way Things Are: Exploring new directions in school/university partnerships

During the Australian National Professional Development Program (NPDP), 1994-1996, a large action-research project, Innovative Links between Universities and Schools for Teacher Professional Development, was undertaken. The project involved a consortium of 14 Australian universities working with over 100 schools (government and non-government) across all States and the Northern Territory. It was structured around the concept of Roundtables, whereby teachers engaged in school-based projects in conjunction with an academic associate from the partner university. The role of 'academic associate' demanded a rethinking of the role of university teacher educators in relation to teacher professional development. Six 'academic associates' and two teachers from the Murdoch University Roundtable formed a collaborative research group to investigate issues arising from their work with the project. The research was a self-reflective study of the work of the participants by those participants themselves. This paper relates the insights regarding collaborative work between academics and schoolteachers that emerged from the study.     

浅析民办高校校园文化建设的认同感和归属感

民办高校在经历了二十几年的不断创新与发展之后,已经逐渐成为了教育行业的新生力量。但是面对着当前越演越烈的一个办学竞争现状,民办高校已经遇到了发展的瓶颈问题。到底应该怎么去做,才能让正处于蓬勃发展中的民办高校,能够顺利的从众多高等院校中脱颖而出,成为我们国家高等教育的重要组成部分,是一些相关人士一致探究的重要课题。本文就是从民办高校的实际情况出发,根据民办高校的办学特点,阐述民办高校校园文化建设的重要性,并通过文化建设构建出学生的认同感与归属感,从而推进民办高校能更快更好的发展。