Longitudinal examination of the exercise and self-esteem model in middle-aged women

This 2-year prospective study examined the exercise and self-esteem model in middle-aged women (N = 143) previously enrolled in a randomized controlled exercise trial. Across the 2-year period, increases in physical activity (PA) and self-efficacy and reductions in body mass index (BMI) were associated with improved subdomain self-perceptions relative to physical condition, and reductions in BMI were associated with improved subdomain self-perceptions relative to physical condition and body attractiveness. The effects of PA, self-efficacy, and BMI on changes in physical self-worth and global self-esteem were mediated by changes in self-perceptions relative to physical condition and body attractiveness. The results of this longitudinal analysis support the hierarchical and multidimensional structure of self-esteem and indicate that middle-aged women can enhance how they perceive their condition and body attractiveness by continued participation in physical activity, increasing their self-efficacy, and maintaining healthy BMI levels.     

Energy Cost of Rebound-Running

Using Sonstroem, Harlow, and Josephs' (1994) expanded version of the Exercise and Self-Esteem Model (EXSEM; Sonstroem &; Morgan, 1989), we explored how 9 older adults (6 women and 3 men, aged 65–72 years) involved in a resistance training program experienced and perceived changes in physical self-worth (i.e., improved strength, functional competency, physical condition, and body satisfaction). We conducted three in-depth interviews with each participant over the course of the program. In individual log books, participants recorded the weight lifted and the number of repetitions for each exercise. Our findings showed the course of changes in physical self-perceptions in these older adults and how actual individual changes in strength performance related to perceived changes in important psychological outcomes.     

新冠肺炎疫情背景下大学生锻炼态度、锻炼行为与身体自尊的关系研究

本研究以1 628名参与体育网课的大学生为调查对象,对新冠肺炎疫情期间大学生的锻炼态度、锻炼行为与身体自尊进行测量,并探讨三者之间的关系。结果表明：居家期间大学生的锻炼态度不够积极;女生的锻炼行为与男生存在明显差距;女生的身体自尊水平相对偏低。研究发现锻炼态度、锻炼行为、身体自尊三者之间具有显著的相关性,体育网课期间需要高度重视大学生尤其是女大学生的身体自尊水平,需要加强锻炼态度的引导以及锻炼行为的干预。     

大学生体质特殊群体自尊的研究

通过对12000名大学生《国家学生体质健康标准》测试成绩的统计分析,以身体自尊与整体自尊2个量表为研究工具,对其中412名体质特殊群体进行调查。结果显示：科学锻炼（运动处方）可以有效的提高体质弱势群体（肥胖人群）的身体自尊、整体自尊水平,同时其各项体能水平也得到不同程度的提高。通过研究结果可以再次证明科学合理的体育锻炼可以使人体的身心健康得到同步发展和提高。     

大学生身体自尊量表的修订与检验

研究通过对498名中国大学生的自尊问卷调查，结果发现身体自尊是组成中国大学生自尊的重要成分；在此基础上，作者对引进的大学生身体自尊量表（PSPP）进行了修订，旨在为研究我国大学生身体自尊提供科学的测量工具。对194名中国大学生进行了修订后大学生身体自尊量表（包括身体自我价值感主量表和运动技能、身体状况、身体吸引力和身体素质4个分量表）的信、效度检验，结果表明该量表具有较好的信度和效度。但在结构效度上有一些疑问仍需进一步考察。     

The Validity and Reliability of Two Different Versions of the Children and Youth Physical Self-Perception Profile

Physical self-perceptions have been found to be important determinants of self-esteem and exercise behavior. Research into the development of physical self-perceptions during childhood may lead to insights into how to promote both positive self-esteem and active lifestyles among children and youth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Children and Youth Physical Self-Perception Profile (CY-PSPP) in young children. Previous research with this instrument had validated this instrument with adolescents in seventh and eighth grade, but no research has been done on younger children. Children (n = 152; 72 boys and 80 girls) from the fourth and fifth grade were given two different forms of the CY-PSPP in a counterbalanced design. The original form utilized a structured alternative format, whereas the modified version used a simpler, 4-point Likert scale. The factorial validity and internal reliability of the CY-PSPP scales were well supported with the original version, but not with the modified version. Correlations between the CY-PSPP subdomains and objective measures of fitness also supported the construct validity of the original version of this instrument in this population. The results of this study document that the original version of the CY-PSPP can provide valid and reliable information about physical self-perceptions in children as young as 9 years of age. The use of the modified version would not be recommended without further analysis of the factorial validity.     

大学新生不同锻炼行为阶段身体自尊水平的比较研究

以534名在校大学新生为研究对象,结合行为变化的跨理论模式,用体育锻炼行为阶段调查表和身体自尊量表（PSPP）考察大学新生身体自尊水平的差异情况。结果显示：大学新生不同锻炼行为阶段的身体自尊各维度得分有显著性差异（F值分别为7．26,17．48,8．02,9．00和10．88,P值均为0．000）。从均值的变化趋势来看,随着锻炼行为阶段向前发展,各维度的得分都越来越高,到维持阶段达到最高分。多重比较中可以看出,身体自尊水平自我评价的差异主要表现在维持阶段与准备阶段、意向及前意向阶段。研究表明长期有规律的锻炼行为对自尊水平有很好的促进作用,从而让锻炼者获得良好的心理效益．使茸心理健康状况得到改善。     

健美操对大学生身体自我和特质焦虑影响的实验研究

通过2个月健美操练习对大学生身体自我和特质焦虑的影响的实验研究,结果表明,健美操能显著地提高大学生的主观运动技能、身体状况、身体素质和身体自我价值感,并显著地降低他们的特质焦虑,除身体状况之外,其他均为中度效果量。研究结果还显示,健美操对女生身体自我和特质焦虑的影响明显大于男生。     

A prospective study of pedometer-determined physical activity and physical self-perceptions in children

There have been limited prospective studies investigating physical activity and physical self-perceptions in children. In this investigation, mean steps/day did not significantly change from late elementary to junior high for either boys or girls; however; boys accumulated more steps both at baseline and follow-up. Physical self-perception measures were significantly related to changes in steps/day and accounted for 21% (15% adjusted) of the variance after controlling for demographic/biological variables, R2 change = .21, adjusted R2 change = .15, F (5,88) = 4.66, p < .001. Sport competence emerged as the most important predictor t (88) = -3.76, p < .001, and was inversely related to physical activity change. The lack of opportunities to participate in sport activities normally found at the onset of adolescence may help explain this unexpected result.     

Look into my eyes:What can eye-based measures tell us about the relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance?

Background:There is a growing interest to understand the neurobiological mechanisms that drive the positive associations of physical activity and fitness with measures of cognitive performance.To better understand those mechanisms,several studies have employed eye-based measures(e.g., eye movement measures such as saccades,pupillary measures such as pupil dilation,and vascular measures such as retinal vessel diameter)deemed to be proxies for specific neurobiological mechanisms.However,there is c...     

阳光体育运动对大学生锻炼态度及身体自尊的影响

探讨阳光体育运动对大学生锻炼态度及身体自尊的影响。采用《锻炼态度量表》及《身体自尊量表》(PSPP)对阳光体育运动的参与者80人、非参与者80人进行测试研究。结果:(1)8周阳光体育运动对参与者锻炼态度总分影响达到显著水平(P<0.05),行为态度、主观标准影响非常显著(P<0.01),在目标态度、行为认知、行为习惯、行为意向方面达到显著水平(P<0.05),在情感体现、行为控制感方面有一定影响,但未达到显著水平;非参与者锻炼态度无明显变化。(2)8周阳光体育运动对参与者PSPP总分影响达到显著水平(P<0.05),其中身体自我价值感、运动能力、身体素质影响显著(P<0.05),身体状况、身体吸引力影响非常显著(P<0.01);非参与者无明显变化。结论:阳光体育运动促进大学生身体自尊各方面均有上升趋势;有效改善大学生锻炼态度,增强其参与意识、影响其锻炼行为。     

Non-targeted metabolomics in sport and exercise science

Metabolomics incorporates the study of metabolites that are produced and released through physiological processes at both the systemic and cellular levels. Biological compounds at the metabolite level are of paramount interest in the sport and exercise sciences, although research in this field has rarely been referred to with the global ‘omics terminology. Commonly studied metabolites in exercise science are notably within cellular pathways for adenosine triphosphate production such as glycolysis (e.g., pyruvate and lactate), β-oxidation of free fatty acids (e.g., palmitate) and ketone bodies (e.g., β-hydroxybutyrate). Non-targeted metabolomic technologies are able to simultaneously analyse the large numbers of metabolites present in human biological samples such as plasma, urine and saliva. These analytical technologies predominately employ nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Performing experiments based on non-targeted methods allows for systemic metabolite changes to be analysed and compared to a particular physiological state (e.g., pre-/post-exercise) and provides an opportunity to prospect for metabolite signatures that offer beneficial information for translation into an exercise science context, for both elite performance and public health monitoring. This narrative review provides an introduction to non-targeted metabolomic technologies and discusses current and potential applications in sport and exercise science.     

浙江省大学生运动行为与自尊的现状及相关性研究

研究目的是了解大学生自尊、运动行为的现状,并探讨其间的关系。对浙江省大学生采用多阶段分层随机抽样,研究工具采用结构式问卷,以团体自填问卷方式收集资料,有效样本共计1456名,所得资料以两组样本t检验、卡方检验、单因子变异数分析等统计方法进行分析,结果表明:1)男生的整体自尊、身体自尊高于女生,而女生的社会自尊高于男生,BMI过轻者的整体自尊、身体自尊和社会自尊均高于正常者,正常者高于过重者;2)男生的规律运动比例显著高于女生,规律运动者的身体自尊、社会自尊与整体自尊都显著高于无规律运动者;3)男生经常与他人一起运动的比率高于女生,经常与他人一起运动者的身体自尊、社会自尊与整体自尊均高于独自运动者。最后对结果进行讨论并提出建议。     

Fördert ein multidimensionales Gesundheitssportprogramm kognitive und motorische Fähigkeiten im höheren Erwachsenenalter?

Research on successful aging has shown that physical training can have positive effects on cognitive and motor functions in the elderly. The article describes a study involving a 12-week multidimensional exercise program (endurance, strength, flexibility and relaxation) with one session per week which was established for older adults (60 years onwards). Cognitive training (e. g. attention, concentration and memory) was additionally targeted in each exercise session. The exercise program was evaluated by different standardized tests regarding its effects on motor and cognitive performance as dependent variables. In a randomized controlled trial with experimental and waiting control group two points of measurement were conducted. The results showed a significant increase in fitness parameters (endurance, strength and dynamic balance) for the experimental group in contrast to the control group. The expected significant increase for cognitive functions was not found. There is still not enough known about the relationship between cognitive function and physical activity in older adults.     

Guide for Contributors to Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine differences in cognition between acute bouts of resistance exercise, aerobic exercise, and a nonexercise control in an untrained youth sample. Method: Ninety-four participants performed 30 min of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, or nonexercise separated by 7 days each in a randomized crossover design. After each exercise intervention, participants were assessed using 2 cognitive tests. The Dot, Word, and Color elements of the Stroop Test (Victoria version) and Parts A and B of the Trail-Making Test were used to measure cognition. Results: Acute resistance and aerobic exercise resulted in similar improvements over nonexercise in all forms of the Stroop Test. Acute aerobic exercise led to improved performance over nonexercise and resistance exercise in Part B of the Trail-Making Test. Neither exercise intervention showed significant changes in time to complete Part A of the Trail-Making Test. Boys outperformed girls on the Stroop Dot and Color Test following acute aerobic exercise, in the Stroop Dot, Word, and Color Test following acute resistance exercise, and in the Stroop Color Test and Trail-Making Test Part B following nonexercise. Conclusions: Both acute resistance and aerobic exercise increased measures of cognition over a nonexercise control in untrained high school youth. These findings suggest the merits of acute resistance exercise as an alternative or complement to aerobic activity for educators aiming to increase youth physical activity and cognitive function concurrently.     

女大学生自我观念与体育成绩关系的探讨

采用身体自尊量表和一般自尊量表对302名女大学生进行调查，探讨身体自我与体育成绩的关系以及不同体育成绩的女大学生身体自我的差异性。回归分析表明，身体素质、身体自我价值、身体吸引力对体育成绩有显著的预测力，不同体育成绩的女大学生在身体自我观念各项与整体自尊上都存在显著性差异。     

初中生身体锻炼与身体自尊关系的研究

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法、访谈法对武汉市洪山区初中生的身体锻炼、身体自尊等现状进行分析,结果表明：男初中生与女初中生的身体自尊差异不显著,男生高于女生;锻炼强度对＂运动能力＂、＂身体状况＂和＂身体素质＂维度上的作用比较显著;锻炼时间对＂身体自我价值感＂和＂身体吸引力＂维度上的作用比较显著;锻炼强度和锻炼时间的交互作用对身体自尊的影响不显著。     

Exercise interventions for older adults: A systematic review of meta-analyses

Background:The evidence concerning which physical exercise characteristics are most effective for older adults is fragmented.We aimed to characterize the extent of this diversity and inconsistency and identify future directions for research by undertaking a systematic review of metaanalyses of exercise interventions in older adults.Methods:We searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,PsycInfo,MEDLINE,Embase,CINAHL,AMED,SPORTDiscus,and Web of Science for articles that met the following criteria:(1)meta-analyses that synthesized measures of improvement(e.g.,effect sizes)on any outcome identified in studies of exercise interventions;(2)participants in the studies meta-analyzed were adults aged 65+or had a mean age of 70+;(3)meta-analyses that included studies of any type of exercise,including its duration,frequency,intensity,and mode of delivery;(4)interventions that included multiple components(e.g.,exercise and cognitive stimulation),with effect sizes that were computed separately for the exercise component;and(5)meta-analyses that were published in any year or language.The characteristics of the reviews,of the interventions,and of the parameters improved through exercise were reported through narrative synthesis.Identification of the interventions linked to the largest improvements was carried out by identifying the highest values for improvement recorded across the reviews.The study included 56 meta-analyses that were heterogeneous in relation to population,sample size,settings,outcomes,and intervention characteristics.Results:The largest effect sizes for improvement were found for resistance training,meditative movement interventions,and exercise-based active videogames.Conclusion:The review identified important gaps in research,including a lack of studies investigating the benefits of group interventions,the characteristics of professionals delivering the interventions associated with better outcomes,and the impact of motivational strategies and of significant others(e.g.,carers)on intervention delivery and outcomes.     

Exercise makes people feel better but people are inactive: paradox or artifact?

The exercise psychology literature includes an intriguing, albeit not frequently discussed, paradox by juxtaposing two conclusions: (a) that exercise makes most people feel better and (b) that most people are physically inactive or inadequately active. In this article, we propose that this might be an artifact rather than a paradox. Specifically, we question the generality of the conclusion that exercise makes people feel better by proposing that (a) occasional findings of negative affective changes tend to be discounted, (b) potentially relevant negative affective states are not always measured, (c) examining changes from pre- to postexercise could miss negative changes during exercise, and (d) analyzing changes only at the level of group aggregates might conceal divergent patterns at the level of individuals or subgroups. Data from a study of 12 men participating in a 90-min walk-run protocol designed to simulate the demands of sports games (e.g., soccer) are used to illustrate these points.