体育行为与体质健康

以体育行为为切入点,运用综合评定法和调查问卷法,通过分析以运动频率、运动时间和运动强度作为分组依据的不同组别间体质状况水平的差别,进而探索有效提高体质水平的锻炼方式,为社会提供有价值的参考依据。研究结果表明,每周体育锻炼频率在3次以上、锻炼时间在30分钟以上和中等强度的锻炼方式,可以有效的提高体质健康水平。但40-59岁年龄段不同组别间差别不明显,其更深层次的原因有待于进一步的研究。     

Cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness associations with older adolescent cognitive control

Background:Participation in physical activity supports greater cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF),a correlate of cognitive control.However,the relationship between muscular fitness(MF)and cognitive control is less clear.The present study investigated the differential relationship of CRF and MF with cognitive control in older adolescents.Methods:This cross-sectional study involved students(15
17 years old,n=541,43%female)from 20 secondary schools who completed tests of inhibition(modified flanker task),working memory(n-back task),CRF(Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run),and MF(standing long jump and push-up test).Multilevel analyses tested the association between CRF or MF and cognitive outcomes while accounting for the influence of the other fitness variable and relevant demographic factors.Results:CRF predicted response accuracy during incongruent flanker trials,the condition requiring greater inhibition.For the working memory task,CRF predicted greater target accuracy and greater d’scores on the 1-back task,requiring lesser amounts of working memory.In the 2-back task,which requires greater amounts of working memory,CRF also predicted greater target and non-target accuracy and d’scores.Comparatively,MF did not predict any cognitive outcomes after adjustment for CRF.Conclusion:CRF was selectively related to better performance during task conditions that require greater amounts of inhibition and working memory.This finding suggests that CRF,but not MF,may benefit cognitive control in older adolescents.This selective influence of CRF on older adolescents’cognition highlights the value of aerobic physical activity.     

我国优秀中跑运动员体能特征的研究

运用文献资料法、专家调查法、测试法和数理统计法，对影响我国优秀中跑运动员的专项能力的体能因素进行综合分析.确定了影响中跑运动员运动成绩的体能指标，包括身体形态指标、身体机能指标、运动素质指标.分析了我国优秀中跑运动员的体能特征，以期能为科学选材和对运动员体能训练提供参考。     

试论健身运动与学校体育

从全民健身作为社会化的组成部分．提出了健身运动的价值观念与学校体育教育的改革;学校体育教学要以培养跨世纪的人才为核心．转变学校体育教育观念．以体育健身运动为准绳,建设学校体育基本框架;把健身教育贯穿于学校体育教育中．为终身体育健身奠定良好的基础。     

体能概念辩误与身体训练的内容

体能广义为人体活动时表现出来的所有活动能力,狭义的运动员的体能就是指运动能力。运动能力是指人体的肢体发生运动可以感觉和观察到的各种运动表现的运动水平。运动能力有项目特点。人体的机能能力是指人体不能感觉和观察到的全身组织、器官和系统的机能水平。运动能力取决于机能能力。身体素质的内容,力量是机能能力。速度、耐力、灵敏和柔韧等是运动能力,但都不完整。它把机能能力与运动能力等同并列,没有表明两者是从属关系。它们都是泛指概念,不能为专项运动应该发展哪些运动能力和取决于哪些组织的哪些机能能力提供确切的依据。体能或身体训练的内容是发展专项运动需要的运动能力和相应组织的相应机能能力。只有提高了运动能力才意味着提高了相应组织的相应机能的活动水平,但必须在组织没有发生损伤性适应的情况下,才意味着提高了机能水平。     

Associations between anxiety,self-efficacy,and outcomes by gender and body size dissatisfaction during fitness in high school physical education

Background: Noteworthy proportions of adolescents – particularly females – report negatively about their experiences regarding fitness and the testing of it during physical education (PE). These accounts often coincide with lower levels of body image, fitness, motivation, and physical activity and higher rates of attrition from optional PE.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to test path relations between body size dissatisfaction (BSD), test anxiety (TA), self-efficacy, and fitness-related outcomes during fitness in PE and to determine whether these differ as a function of gender and level of BSD.

Method: Survey data were collected from 394 9th and 10th-grade students in southern Ontario, Canada. A previously validated BSD measure was used that consisted of a series of nine gender-specific silhouettes ranging from very thin/slender to very large/overweight. Students’ dissatisfaction score involved subtracting self-ratings of their ideal body size from current body size estimates. Fitness indices in PE (FIPE)was the z-score of the sum of self-reported fitness level, fitness grade in PE, and frequency of active exercise at least 30 minutes per day. Self-efficacy and TA were assessed using established scales from the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire.

Data analysis: Multivariate analysis of variance was used to assess group differences whereas gender-specific confirmatory factor and path analyses were used to test the proposed path in which relations between BSD and FIPE were manifest indirectly through TA and self-efficacy.

Findings: The hypothetical path fit the data in the overall sample and fit better for females than for males. Females reported a higher BSD and a lower self-efficacy and FIPE than males. BSD was evident in both genders with most females desiring a thinner body compared to boys who had relatively equal proportions wanting to be bigger and thinner. Males wanting to be smaller reported significantly lower self-efficacy and FIPE than males with little BSD or those wanting to be larger. Females desiring a thinner body reported significantly more TA and lower FIPE than females with no BSD.

Conclusion: Body image concerns and elevated levels of anxiety appear to undergird the influence of self-efficacy on FIPE. This is particularly so in females, although both females and males with a BSD are susceptible to lowered fitness motivation and achievement in PE. Suggestions are provided to help physical educators to structure fitness curricula and pedagogy to better minimize this vulnerability. These include catering to the gender-specific needs and preferences for fitness activities during PE including the testing of fitness.     

水中跑与陆上跑有氧训练对大学生心肺耐力影响的比较研究

本文对18名大学生运动员进行了为期6周的水中跑与陆上跑有氧训练比较研究,结果显示,水中跑训练是一种低冲击有氧训练方式,能提供足够的训练刺激,产生与陆上训练相媲美的心肺反应,提高运动员的最大吸氧量,保持陆上跑的竞技成绩,可作为陆_E~Jll练的辅助／交叉训练方式,弥补陆上有氧训练的不足。     

健康跑对增进体质弱势群体大学生身体健康的影响

采用问卷调查法和实验法,对忻州师范学院体质弱势群体(选修保健课学生)进行为期10周的健康跑实验,结果表明:实验前后体质弱势群体学生身体形态方面无明显的变化,学生体脂差异性显著;身体机能方面,心率、收缩压、肺活量有显著性差异,舒张压无明显变化,表现为心率降低、血压下降、肺活量水平上升;身体素质方面,握力、背力、闭眼单足站立无显著性差异,坐位体前屈和反应时有明显差异。建议今后在山西省高校中大力宣传健康跑的经济性与时效性,调动学生的积极性,帮助其摆脱体质的困境,为我校乃至我省体质弱势群体身体健康的改善和体育保健课内容设置提供参考。     

充分利用“两操一课”提高身体素质

早操、课间操、课外活动简称为“两操一课”,“两操一课”的具体内容与实施情况直接影响到锻炼效果,科学合理地安排不同的内容,遵循身体锻炼的原则,就能相应地提高身体素质。     

大学生健康体适能心肺耐力测试指标效度的比较研究

以最大耗氧量作为心肺耐力测试项目的效度检验指标,通过实验与比较观察方法,对我国大学生健康体适能的心肺耐力评价指标——台阶试验和耐力跑(男1000m,女800m)两项选测项目的测量效度进行了对比研究。结果显示:大学生台阶试验指数和耐力跑成绩之间无显著线性相关;最大耗氧量与台阶试验指数无明显的相关关系,而与耐力跑成绩呈现相关关系。笔者认为,在确定我国大学生健康体适能评价指标时,选择耐力跑项目作为测试指标能够更为客观、有效地反映心肺耐力的测试目标。     

Aerobic fitness and academic achievement: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT

This study aims to quantify the association between aerobic fitness and academic achievement, and determine how different aerobic fitness tests and individual demographic characteristics may modify this association. It includes 41 cross-sectional and 7 longitudinal studies focusing on children and adolescents, from MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database and Web of Science. Pooled effect sizes (ES) were estimated for the association between aerobic fitness and specific domains of academic achievement. Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions were based on aerobic fitness tests and demographic characteristics. The ES for the association between aerobic fitness with language/reading-skills, mathematics-related skills and composite scores, were 0.23 (95% CI: 0.12; 0.34); 0.27 (95% CI: 0.19; 0.36) and 0.28 (95% CI: 0.12; 0.45), respectively. Subgroup analyses by aerobic fitness test modified these associations; additionally, analyses by sex or age showed differences between boys and girls as well as between children and adolescents. Finally, meta-regressions revealed a slight effect of body mass index on these associations. Cardiorespiratory fitness is positively associated with academic achievement. Associations were dependent on demographic and aerobic fitness test characteristics, being stronger in boys than in girls, and in children than in adolescents.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42017069677     

大学生体质与体力活动的相关分析和研究

采用《学生体质健康标准》和体力活动概念研究大学生体质、体力活动现状及相互关系。从南京大学、南京理工大学等11所院校共抽取研究对象2 614人,其中男生1 313人,女生1 301人。体质测试采用《学生体质健康标准》,体力活动调查采用国际体力活动问卷。结果显示:大学生体质总体良好,男生体质综合得分、体质健康达标优秀率均优于女生;男生超重或肥胖发生率为9.5%,女生低体重发生率为24.5%,身体成分不合理对体质健康构成负面影响;大学生大中强度体力活动主要来源于体育课,课余时间体力活动偏少,女生活动比男生少,大学生每天静坐时间较长;每周有规律地参加大中强度体力活动,尤其是大强度活动可以有效提高大学生体质健康水平。     

Between-school variation in physical activity,aerobic fitness,and organized sports participation: A multi-level analysis

Abstract

A large proportion of a child's day is spent at school interacting with certain physical surroundings, teachers, and school friends. Thus, schools could have a marked impact on establishing physical activity habits. The aim of the present study was to assess between-school variation in physical activity, aerobic fitness, and organized sports participation. Altogether, we tested 1766 nine- and fifteen-year-old children attending 242 school classes at 35 different schools in Denmark in 1997–2003. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for objectively assessed physical activity ranged between 0.06 and 0.18 depending on the dimension of physical activity and the time considered (i.e. school time vs. leisure time). For aerobic fitness, an ICC of 0.10 was observed, whereas that for organized sports participation ranged between 0.01 and 0.10 depending on the age group. Studying between-school variation in physical activity provides information about the extent to which children adjust their physical activity habits according to the social and environmental circumstances that they share, and helps to plan future school-based physical activity studies, especially in terms of sample size and power calculation.     

健康体适能教学的实验观察

为进一步评估健康体适能的教学效果 ,观察了特定运动处方对受试者心脏功能 (FC)、肌肉力量(ST)和柔软度 (FL)的影响。实验前根据FC、ST和FL的检测结果 ,将 2 4 0名男女医学生随机分成 3个对照组和 3个实验组。对照组按原教学进度上体育课 ,实验组以提高健康体适能为教学目标 ,以特定的运动处方进行教学和锻炼。结果显示 ,3个实验组FC、ST和FL指标明显增强 ,且有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。说明为健康体适能教学所制定的运动处方适用于普通院校大学生的体育教学 ,并可收到良好的效果。     

体育锻炼对体质及机能指标的影响分析

根据2000年中国国民体质监测的要求和评价标准，对浙江省成年人的抽样监测发现，参加体育锻炼其体质水平明显好于不锻炼，同时能明显提高肺活量水平，对安静心率的影响不明显。结果提示，有必要进一步深入研究体质监测指标体系和评价标准，同时加强科学健身的宣传和指导，提高体育锻炼的效果。     

Cardiorespiratory performance and physical activity in normal weight and overweight Finnish adolescents from 2003 to 2010

We investigated changes in cardiorespiratory performance, BMI and leisure-time physical activity among Finnish adolescents from 2003 to 2010. In addition, we compared cardiorespiratory performance levels between normal weight and overweight adolescents, grouped according to their physical activity. Participants were a national representative samples of 15–16-year-old adolescents in their final (ninth) year of comprehensive school in 2003 (n = 2258) and in 2010 (n = 1301). They performed an endurance shuttle run test and reported their height and weight and leisure time physical activity on a questionnaire. Results showed no significant secular changes in cardiorespiratory performance from 2003 to 2010. The mean BMI increased in boys. Leisure-time physical activity increased among normal weight girls. Adolescents of normal weight had better cardiorespiratory performance than those classified as overweight at both assessment points. BMI-adjusted physical activity was a significant determinant for cardiorespiratory performance among overweight adolescents, and very active overweight adolescents had similar cardiorespiratory performance levels as moderately active adolescents of normal weight. The results of the present study support the idea that the physical activity has the great importance for the cardiorespiratory performance in adolescents. Overweight adolescents, in particular, benefit from higher levels of physical activity.     

Effects of two physical education programmes on health- and skill-related physical fitness of Albanian children

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of two school-based physical education (PE) programmes (exercise-based and games-based) compared with traditional PE, on health- and skill-related physical fitness components in children in Tirana, Albania.

Participants were 378 first-grade (6.8 years) and 389 fourth-grade (9.8 years) children attending four randomly selected schools in Tirana. Twenty-four school classes within these schools were randomly selected (stratified by school and school grade) to participate as exercise group (EG), games group (GG) and control group (CG). Both EG and GG intervention programmes were taught by professional PE teachers using station/circuit teaching framework while CG referred to traditional PE school lessons by a general teacher. All programmes ran in parallel and lasted 5 months, having the same frequency (twice weekly) and duration (45 min). Heart rate (HR) monitoring showed that intensity during PE lessons was significantly higher in the intervention groups compared with control (P < 0.001). Both PE exercise- and games programmes significantly improved several health- and skill-related fitness indicators compared with traditional PE lessons (e.g. gross motor skill summary score: 9.4 (95% CI 7.9; 10.9) for exercise vs. control and 6.5 (95% CI 5.1; 8.1) for games vs. control, cardiorespiratory fitness: 2.0 ml O₂ · min^?1 · kg^?1 (95% CI 1.5; 2.4) for exercise vs. control and 1.4 ml O₂ · min^?1 · kg^?1 (95% CI 1.0; 1.8) for games vs. control). Furthermore, compared to games-based PE, exercise-based PE showed more positive changes in some gross motor coordination skills outcomes, coordination skills outcomes and cardiorespiratory fitness. The results from this study show that exercise- and games-based PE represents a useful strategy for improving health- and skill-related physical fitness in Albanian elementary school children. In addition, the study shows that exercise-based PE was more effective than games-based PE in improving gross motor function and cardiorespiratory fitness.     

Effects of resistance training on performance in previously trained endurance runners: A systematic review

The aim of this work was to identify, synthesize and evaluate the results of randomized controlled trials examining the effects of resistance training on performance indicators in previously trained endurance runners. A database search was carried out in PubMed, Science Direct, OvidSPMedLine, Wiley, Web of Science, ProQuest and Google Scholar. In accordance with the PRISMA checklist, 18 published articles dated prior to May 2016 involving 321 endurance runners were reviewed using the PEDro scale. Resistance training led to general improvements in muscular strength, running economy, muscle power factors, and direct performance in distances between 1,500 and 10,000 m. Such improvements were not accompanied by a significant increase in body mass or signs of overtraining. However, improvements did not occur in all cases, suggesting that they might depend on the specific characteristics of the resistance training applied. Although current evidence supports the effectiveness of resistance training to improve performance in already trained endurance runners, the methodological inconsistencies identified suggest that the results should be interpreted with caution. Future studies ought to investigate the benefits of resistance training in endurance runners while considering the existence of possible differentiated effects based on the specific characteristics of the resistance training carried out.     

身体活动的健康运动阈与健康体质运动阈的比较及启示

通过对“健康”与“健康体质””和“健康运动阈””与“健康体质运动阈”概念及研究状况的比较分析表明，在新世纪体育工作以“增强体质“为目的的这种提法不仅没有过时，而且还对体育工作提出了更高的要求。它将是指导我们体育工作永远不变的航向。     

Children and Fitness: A Public Health Perspective

Abstract

The promotion of cardiorespiratory fitness through increased physical activity has become a national public health objective for both adults and children. Based on numerous small-scale studies it appears that children are highly fit but the population distribution is unknown due to the lack of rigorous population studies. Very little is known about the extent of children's physical activity; the available evidence does not support the hypothesis that children obtain sufficient activity to explain their generally high levels of fitness. Due to the lack of evidence of substantial carry-over effects of youth fitness to adult health and the likelihood of children's resistance to vigorous fitness routines, there is little reason to recommend an aerobic training focus in physical education. A focus on enjoyable moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with carry-over value to adulthood is recommended. Physical education is an important vehicle for promoting physical activity by children; it appears, however, that children may obtain little MVPA during physical education class.