Reuters,Propaganda-inspired News,and the Australian Press During the First World War

This paper examines the role of the London-based international news agency, Reuters, in transmitting propaganda-inspired news to Australia during the First World War as well as the take-up of such news by the Australian press. It explores how the propaganda function was understood within Reuters and how this function changed during the course of the war. It focuses on Reuters’ establishment, in March 1917, of a special British Empire ‘supplementary’ news service designed to unite the Empire behind the war effort. The paper explains Reuters’ success in Australia which arose, in large part, from its partnership with the United Cable Service, an Australian agency managed by Keith Murdoch.     

A societal provenance analysis of the First World War service records held at the National Archives of Australia

ABSTRACT

This article offers a societal provenance analysis of the First World War personal service records held at the National Archives of Australia as Commonwealth Records Series B2455. It describes the communities of people and communities of records with which the series has its origins. Since creation, the records have enabled intricate interactions between individuals, families, government agencies and communities. They have facilitated personal, local, and national processes of grieving and commemoration, and bridged spatial, temporal and emotional distances. They have contributed to national projects such as the Roll of Honour at the Australian War Memorial, and the provision of pensions and support for veterans and their families. Their use by historians continues to shape our understanding of the history of the war. Access to the records helps build new personal identities, and new online communities of users. It is suggested that all these interactions are part of the history of the records we now have. The losses in the records, the gaps and silences, are also identified.     

Archives and trails from the First World War: repurposing imperial records of North African and Indian soldiers in Palestine and Syria, 1917-1923

ABSTRACT

First World War scholars more or less agree on the limitations imposed by archival sources on the study of North African and Indian troops. Conventional methods to find ‘the voice’ of the soldier do not apply in this case and the scarcity of records partly explains why so little is written. So, what opportunities are there in such an endeavour? This article argues for the need to decolonise military archives from the Great War era. That is to say, to use information that was originally gathered to serve narrow military interests as a means to understand the war experiences of the colonial soldiers. These sources, largely official records, bearing stamps of the past regimes, cannot be separated from the context or intent of their production. Nonetheless, they must not be overlooked as new historiographical demands make it necessary to read colonial archives for evidence of their context. Failing to draw from, and reflect upon, colonial era records on the Great War, despite their shortcomings, is tantamount to condemning valuable aspects of global history to oblivion. In turn, acknowledging these shortcomings, paradoxically, lends greater value to such sources as the colonial context in which they were produced becomes observable.     

论日本媒体“二战”时的法西斯化

本文试图说明 ,日本媒体二战时期的法西斯化不像意大利和德国 ,基本上是该国媒体从 1 9世纪末自觉鼓吹侵略战争的自然结果。文章分析了造成这种情形的历史原因、民族发展的特点 ,以及不彻底的明治维新的背景。     

Recording the war effort: immigrant communities in Latin America and the memory of the Great War

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to analyse the initiatives undertaken by some immigrant communities residing in Latin America to record their mobilisation around the First World War. After the armistice, European communities in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and other countries gathered detailed information about their activities during the conflict, published as profusely illustrated books of remembrance, offered to their governments as proof of their loyalty. The article intends to establish the peculiar nature of these publications as records of the war effort, and analyse the agents and processes of their elaboration, and their role as commemorative but also as archival documents.     

Archives and the Australian Great War centenary: retrospect and prospect

ABSTRACT

Based on a keynote address to the 2018 International Society for First World War Studies conference, the author’s survey of a centenary of archival endeavour comprises four time periods and two themes. It highlights the unique role of the Australian War Memorial and its initial documentation priorities favouring Dr C.E.W. Bean’s official war history, the battlefront and the war dead. A post-centenary open-ended aftermath is also discussed covering processing backlogs, the prospective idea of ‘digital breakthrough’ and the archival implications of ever-widening understandings of the war and its endless aftermaths. The paper ends with an appeal for new voices in researching the documentation of Australia’s Great War experience.     

The BBC Polish Service During the Second World War

During the Second World War the broadcasts of the BBC Polish Service became a major source of information in occupied Poland. Although listening to, or possessing, a radio was punishable by death under the German occupation, Poles were willing to risk their lives in order to hear the news from London. For many, the BBC remained the only contact with the outside world, whilst listening itself became a symbol of resistance. The Polish Service was required to follow the official line of British government's policy, presenting a positive picture of the USSR. Anything considered anti-Soviet was expunged. Given that the BBC European Service was designed as an instrument of British propaganda, the Polish Service was recognised as a powerful medium in territorial and political disputes between Poland and the USSR.     

现代图书馆建筑新的里程碑--评再版《国际图书馆建筑大观》

诠释再版《国际图书馆建筑大观》的内容、体例、风格、人思想等，指出该书展示了新一轮的图书馆建筑设计，以适应因特网、信息通讯技术的畅通和信息载体的传递，满足读的需求，同时证明现代图书馆新的建筑群正在崛起。并且越来越受到人类社会的重视。     

Epideictic Rhetoric in the Service of War: George W. Bush on Iraq and the 60th Anniversary of the Victory over Japan

This essay explores the relationship between epideictic discourse and war through the analysis of George W. Bush's August 20, 2005, address at the Naval Air Station near San Diego, ostensibly to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Allied victory over Japan. The case also serves as an exemplar for how Bush routinely interwove epideictic appeals with collective memories of World War II in order to promote the Iraq war and deflect criticism of his policies there. Bush praised the greatest generation and linked it to the current generation; blamed and dehumanized enemies of the past and present; advocated for war based on “lessons” from the past; and reinforced a shared identity to instill both obligation and confidence.     

From Belgium to The Hague via Berlin and Moscow: documenting war crimes and the quest for international justice, 1919-2019

ABSTRACT

Exploring new sources on the Great War a hundred years after it ended is a unique and exciting experience for any First World War historian. The very nature of the documents that we are dealing with in the present case makes it even more thrilling: hundreds of investigation and prosecution files documenting the invasion and occupation of Belgium, produced by both military and civil jurisdictions in an effort to prosecute war criminals. These fascinating records – repatriated to Belgium from Moscow in 2002 – offer new material on issues such as the German atrocities and everyday life under the occupation, but they also provide highly valuable insights into the history of international criminal law. This exploratory article will trace the unexpected trajectory of these archives, contextualise their creation and highlight some of the treasures they contain. In doing so, this article will attempt to discuss the thorny issue of archive repatriation and the questions this raises from an archival and historical perspective. It also seeks to show that the establishment of an International Criminal Court, despite the fact that it is now being called into question more than ever before, rests on solid and far-reaching historical foundations.     

The historian activist and the Gift to the Nation project: preserving the records of the Australian Red Cross

ABSTRACT

In 2014, as part of their centenary celebrations, the Australian Red Cross initiated a project in which it transferred archives to various national, state and territory institutions across Australia including the University of Melbourne Archives and the State Library of New South Wales. The transfer of this voluminous (but not complete) collection built on earlier transfers of archives to the State Library of South Australia and the Australian War Memorial. This paper charts the origins of the plan to donate the records to public repositories. It interrogates the societal provenance of those collections, recognising that the pluralising of records is an historical process, in which the agency of archivists, historians and administrators must be understood. An investigation of Red Cross records in Australia exposes that process in its contingency, inertia and, ultimately, enthusiasm. The paper also reveals the challenges faced by voluntary organisations in preserving their records, and how historians and archivists both can benefit from assisting such organisations. Finally, this paper argues that the ‘Gift to the Nation’ project, with its national and international significance, reflects a shift in our understanding of the First World War to a transnational paradigm that recognises the important role of voluntary organisations.     

Library Services for the Poor: Implications for Library Education

This article deals with the historical role of public libraries in the United States especially relating to the poor; the commitment on the part of libraries to serve the underserved growing out of the turmoil of the sixties and the War on Poverty, and the effect of changing inner‐city populations on the future role of libraries.     

同年不同月份发表的论文被引频次的演进规律 ——兼谈优先数字出版的价值和局限性

为了探讨同年不同月份发表的论文在以后各年度内被引频次的演进规律,分别以一个学科(自然地理)、一个主题(糖尿病(内分泌与代谢))和一种期刊(《Journal of Biological Chemistry》)2005年发表的论文为研究对象,根据发表月份的不同,将这些论文分为6组,1—2、3—4、5—6、7—8、9—10、11—12月份发表的论文分别为Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组和Ⅵ组,对6组论文不同年度内的被引频次进行统计分析。结果表明:自然地理学科和糖尿病(内分泌与代谢)论文发表5年内,不同组别的论文被引频次总体差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),之后,差异失去统计学意义;《Journal of Biological Chemistry》发表的论文7年内不同组别的论文被引频次总体差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),7年后组间差异失去统计学意义。无论学科、主题还是期刊,其论文被引频次都遵循同一演进规律:同年不同月份发表的论文前几年其被引频次存在明显差异,但随着时间的推移,仅仅发表月份不同,论文被引频次趋于一致。这一结果说明,优先数字出版能够提高期刊的影响因子,但对论文最终被引次数无明显影响。     

国家治理增效视角的档案服务建设:抗战档案实证研究

国家治理增效视角的档案服务建设是指将档案视为国家治理要素,通过档案服务建设,为国家各项治理工作提供档案支撑,以提升国家治理效率。该问题研究有利于明确档案工作服务国家治理大局目标,推进档案事业的发展。提出国家治理增效档案服务建设问题,阐释国家治理内涵,并以抗战档案为案例进行实证研究,探讨档案工作服务国家治理问题。研究结果显示,从国家治理增效视角开展档案服务建设,对树立档案工作服务理念,明确服务目标,创新服务方式,提升档案工作服务国家治理大局能力有重要意义。     

West – East Entanglements During the Cold War: Shortwave Broadcasting and Propaganda from and to Portugal

Portugal became the centre of an entangled airwaves ensemble during the Cold War. In order to demonstrate this, the article develops along two lines. First, it details how the Portuguese dictatorship, with ideological connections to fascism, allowed the construction in its territory of one of the most powerful retransmitters of Radio Free Europe (RFE), responsible for airing anti-communist propaganda to Eastern Europe. The collaboration between the Portuguese dictator and the National Committee for Free Europe, mediated by US diplomatic officials, played an important role in the development of the operations of RFE in the country. Second, the article demonstrates how Portugal became the target of shortwave broadcasts operated from abroad, aimed at spreading pro-communist and anti-fascist sentiments in Portuguese society. Some of these stations were established by the political opposition that used the airwaves to undermine the dictatorship.