论竞技武术形式与内容的归流和创新

由于受竞技武术舞台可容性的限制,在比赛场上不可能展现内容繁杂、流派众多的武术的全貌。虽然这个客观存在的现实一直受到各种非议,但是竞技武术按照自身的规律已经顽强地走过了几十年的历程。我们如何从理论和实践上来充分证明竞技武术存在的合理性,是武术理论研究需要解决的一个重要问题。竞技武术只是武术的一个组成部分,武术和竞技武术二者不可以混为一谈。必须对武术适合于竞技需要的形式内容进行归流和创新,才是竞技武术发展的必由之路。     

Validation of a videogrammetry technique for analysing American football helmet kinematics

ABSTRACT

Professional American football games are recorded in digital video with multiple cameras, often at high resolution and high frame rates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a videogrammetry technique to calculate translational and rotational helmet velocity before, during and after a helmet impact. In total, 10 football impacts were staged in a National Football League (NFL) stadium by propelling helmeted 50th percentile male crash test dummies into each other or the ground at speeds and orientations representative of concussive impacts for NFL players. The tests were recorded by experienced sports film crews to obtain video coverage and quality typically available for NFL games. A videogrammetry procedure was used to track the position and rotation of the helmet throughout the relevant time interval of the head impact. Compared with rigidly mounted retroreflective marker three dimensional (3-D) motion tracking that was concurrently collected in the experiments, videogrammetry accurately calculated changes in translational and rotational velocity of the helmet using high frame rate (two cameras at 240 Hz) video (7% and 15% error, respectively). Low frame rate (2 cameras at 60 Hz) video was adequate for calculating pre-impact translational velocity but not for calculating the translational or rotational velocity change of the helmet during impact.     

The Development of Chinese Martial Arts in Taiwan since 1949

Abstract

In Taiwan, the historical development of traditional Chinese martial arts, or kuoshu and wushu as they are called today, has been quite diverse. This paper examines the development of Chinese martial arts from 1949 to 2017 in the context of Taiwan based on available historical evidence and in-depth interviews. The results show that there were three major historical periods in the development of Chinese martial arts. The foundation period was inaugurated when Chinese martial artists fled to Taiwan with the Nationalists. During this period, martial arts studios spread throughout the country and people began learning the traditional Chinese martial arts skills together with the national physical education curriculum incorporated martial arts in schools. Chinese martial arts in Taiwan then entered the competitive sports period when the Chinese government to promote competitive martial arts internationally and to standardize the practice and grading system required for competitions. During this period, standardized rules for nationwide competition were established, and sports instructors and athletes were trained to participate in international wushu competitions. Currently, the Chinese martial arts have been modernized and being practised to build confidence, mental discipline, and physical strength as well as for self-defence, recreational pursuits, and competition.     

The Japanese and Korean Martial Arts: In Search of a Philosophical Framework Compatible to History

Abstract

The popular discourse about Asian martial arts has often been surrounded by an aura of esotericism, so pervasive that it even influenced the academic discussion to some degree. Moreover, nationalistic motives to promote certain martial arts narratives often prevail. This article focuses on the frequently flawed philosophical and historical discourse surrounding the Asian martial arts. In particular, this study concentrates on the academic discussions of the Japanese and Korean martial arts, and the search for a philosophical framework compatible with historical narratives. The Japanese created a romantic but also nationalistic martial arts narrative that aligned with the ideals of the Meiji Restoration. This romanticized image was naively accepted in the West, often imported along with esoteric ideas of the East. And, as most modern Korean martial arts originated in Japan, the Korean martial arts discussion aligns with that of Japanese martial arts, and this alignment has been a point of heated dispute. Discussions of Korean martial arts reflect a search for a definitive identity of the Korean martial arts community as well as the desire to establish a martial arts tradition independent of those of Japan as well as China. However, the discourse has often been influenced by western, albeit biased and perhaps faulty, historical views, and ideas about martial arts traditions.     

Asian Martial Arts: The Anarchic Legacy of the War Machine

Abstract

The renaissance of Asian martial arts is a conspicuous example of cultural hybridity in a global setting. Globalization brings these arts under the dual sway of cinema and sport to a degree unprecedented in their history. This pull, which I describe in terms from Deleuze and Guattari as deterritorialization, creates new challenges for Asian martial arts practice. To explore these challenges and their stakes, I demonstrate the relevance of the concept of the war machine from Deleuze and Guattari, and discuss their distinction between weapons and tools as it bears on Asian martial arts history and practice.     

Practising Martial Arts Versus Studying Martial Arts

Abstract

There is often a perceived conflict between practising martial arts and the academic study of martial arts. Those who practise it do not need to know the history of martial arts, and those who study it do not need the physical practice to inform their research. This paper argues that practitioners will improve their practice by study, in particular, they will gain a demystified sense of the origins of martial arts. The construction of traditional martial arts is the result of the East Asian reaction to Western imperialism and modernity. Moreover, this category developed in direct response to the introduction of modern sports into Asia. Critical to this modern creation was the development of styles of martial arts, where before there were scattered and disparate schools. Styles suggested greater national unity and cultural coherence than schools, thus aiding the building of modern nation states in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.     

Reconstruction of Tradition: Modernity,Tourism and Shaolin Martial Arts in the Shaolin Scenic Area,China

Abstract

This paper begins with an interpretation of how Shaolin martial arts were used to provide military service for imperial authorities before 1949, and how it was restricted and forbidden to practise in Mao’s era from 1949 to 1978. It then examines how UNESCO’s international heritage conventions and China’s post-1978 heritage policies have influenced the reconstruction of Shaolin martial arts and tourism development at the Shaolin Temple since 1978. It investigates the relationship between different agents and how they have influenced the reconstruction of traditional Shaolin martial arts and tourism development. This paper argues current Shaolin martial arts, known as Shaolin Kungfu, have been deliberately reconstructed to serve contemporary political and economic needs. Contemporary Shaolin Kungfu is, in fact, a product of the interaction between heritage authorization processes and tourism development. The reconstruction of Shaolin martial arts also demonstrates hierarchical relationships of power between these different actors. This has led to a situation in which ‘experts’ and local residents are positioned unequally. The overarching finding of this study is that Shaolin martial arts worked as a tool for Shaolin monks to develop the Shaolin Temple in history and Shaolin monks have assumed the role of ‘expert’ in reconstructing Shaolin martial arts.     

Historical Views on the Origins of Korea’s Taekwondo

Abstract

The present study reviews the key contents and issues of Traditionalism, New Traditionalism and Revisionism, the key historical views of Taekwondo, with the purpose of focusing on the validity and limitations of New Revisionism. Traditionalism emphasizes that Taekwondo is Korea’s traditional martial art. New Traditionalism accepts this view and also recognizes the partial effect of Karate on Taekwondo without providing enough supporting evidence on their claims. Revisionism also focuses on the effect of Karate on Taekwondo. While New Revisionism shares a similar focus to Revisionism, it also focuses on the effects of Chinese martial arts on Karate and Taekwondo, which have been neglected previously. The validity of New Revisionism was supported with evidence on the following factors: the effect of Chinese martial arts on Karate, the effect of Chinese martial arts on Korea’s top five martial arts schools and their training methods, and the effect of Chinese martial arts appearing in the book written by the figures related to the top five initial martial arts schools after 1945. Despite a few limitations of the current historical views, New Revisionism suggests that Korea’s Taekwondo was affected by Japanese martial arts and Chinese martial arts, both directly and indirectly, in its formation.     

Olympic samurai: Japanese martial arts between sports and self-cultivation

ABSTRACT

One of the longest-standing debates in the martial arts relates to their being either ‘sports’ or methods of self-cultivation. Traditionalists often ascribe unique spiritual characteristics to the martial arts, while criticising the ‘sportification’ of certain practices. In this view, the martial arts are seen to have declined from ancient ideals and become focused on ‘superficial’ competition and techniques. This paper argues that the supposedly intrinsic connection between martial arts and mental self-cultivation is largely a product of the last 150 years, and developed from the historical context of Japan’s modernisation in the late nineteenth century, as martial arts were codified while experiencing a powerful challenge from the arrival of Western sports. This dynamic was closely related to the development of the nationalistic ideology of bushido, the ‘way of the samurai’, which was frequently invoked by promoters of the martial arts. In this context, intangible elements such as ‘spirit’ were used by martial artists to include and exclude people along lines of gender, nationality, and ethnicity. This paper uses three Tokyo Olympics, 2020, 1964, and the cancelled 1940 games, to examine how the Japanese martial arts were ‘spiritualised’, and to consider the enduring legacy of imperial ideologies.     

从搏击到文化对传统武术的再认识

对武术的整个演进历程进行了分析,认为：早期武术是一门生存自卫术,与世界其他民族的武技没有本质区别;先秦文化的繁荣使武术初具文化特色;魏晋至隋唐时期,武术具有显著的宗教、艺术等文化特征;集中国传统文化之大成的宋明理学,促使武术成为成熟的文化载体。经过近代、现代尤其是当代人的提炼,武术成为了竞技体育,在极大推动武术发展的同时,也使其逐渐脱离了本质,脱离了文化,脱离了大众。当今,武术应返回民间,更好地汲取营养,以图更大发展。     

Conquering the World: The ‘Martial’ Power of Japan Goes Global

Abstract

Throughout the twentieth century Japanese martial arts, or budo, in the West grew from a hardly visible practice for Japanese diasporas and a handful of Japanophiles to an integral part of Western culture. Today, when they have been joined by other cultural exports from Japan, and Karate has been recognized as an Olympic sport in the midst of the decline of traditional martial arts and the rise of Mixed Martial Arts culture, the question of what forces produce such powerful ‘waves’ of Japanese cultural expansion becomes relevant again. To answer this question, the article compares the forces behind the spread of three arguably most popular Japanese martial arts – Judo, Kendo, and Karate – in the West, mainly in America and Europe. Here I offer an analysis based on the division of these forces into those which ‘push’ Japanese culture beyond Japan’s borders (pushing forces) and those which stimulate its consumption in Western countries (pulling forces). Based on the results of the comparison, the article argues that there are certain repeating patterns in both types that form a unique mechanism of Japanese ‘martial’ expansion to the West, with the ‘pulling’ forces being just as, if not more, powerful, than the ‘pushing’ forces.     

Body · Experience · Imagination: The Collective Memory of Chinese Martial Arts

Abstract

In order to understand Chinese martial arts (CMA), people had better find out how native Chinese people picture these ancient arts. Maurice Halbwachs’s theory on collective memory is helpful to cognize the panorama of CMA. In the term of social framework, the contributors of the collective memory of CMA are mainly well-experienced inheritors, shallow-experienced mass practitioners and highly educated intellectuals. They respectively perceive martial arts more or less through bodily practicing, imagination, or fantasy. Among these three contributing groups, inheritors seemingly observe martial arts from the top of the mountain, ordinary practitioners at the foot of the mountain, while intellectuals overlook from the clouds. Inheritors, with professional skills, establish the technique systems of martial arts; mass practitioners, from non-professional perspective, test and verify the various functions, and intellectuals, from transdisciplinary perspective, enrich the connotation and extension of the martial arts. The shared concrete approaches they draw upon to shape such a collective memory are repetitive corporeal experiencing, mental experiencing, and active imagination. Eventually, they build the spectrum of CMA memory which is primarily filled with unique technique paradigms and chivalric spirits. In this way, CMA or Wushu, as an indigenous sport, is provided for consumers in the world.     

Impact attenuation of protective boxing and taekwondo headgear

This study aimed to compare the impact attenuation performance of boxing and taekwondo headgear in terms of peak linear and rotational acceleration. To measure the impact attenuation of headgear, a standardized (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F-2397) martial arts headgear striker was used to impart impacts to a 50th Percentile Male Hybrid III Crash Test Dummy head and neck complex. Two boxing (Adidas and Greenhill) and two taekwondo (Adidas and Nike) headgear, approved by the Association Internationale de Boxe Amateur and the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF), were selected. Each of the selected headgear was fitted to the Hybrid III head and subsequently subjected to five impacts at the front and side with a maximum impact interim time of 60 seconds by the rotating striker at 8?±?0.3?m/s. Linear and rotational acceleration were recorded at 10,000?Hz. There were significant interactions of the impact location and brand on the rotational acceleration, F(3,40)?=?6.7, p?F(1,40)?=?9.07, p?F(3,40)?=?9.9, p?相似文献   

Impact ‘fingerprints’ and preliminary implications for an ‘intelligent mouthguard’ head impact dosimeter

An in vivo head impact dosimeter, termed the ??intelligent mouthguard??, is under development at the Cleveland Clinic. The intelligent mouthguard facilitates correlation of acute and accumulative impact dosage with injury risk. As part of intelligent mouthguard dosimetry development for boxing and mixed martial arts participants, head and neck impact dosage was quantified in the laboratory for seven (7) punch types. Impact dosage data for punches were collected, which generated unique ??fingerprints?? for use with the intelligent mouthguard computational algorithm. Additional calculations were made on parameters based on each punch ??fingerprint?? and injury risk. Each of the punches had a unique ??fingerprint??. The hook imparted the most severe impact dosage, with the cross and oblique hook inducing the next most severe impact dosages, respectively. The impact dosage ??fingerprints?? determined here will be used to identify punch types during intelligent mouthguard human trials in 2012. Intelligent mouthguard dosimetry will be available soon for other contact sports (American Football, Ice Hockey, Lacrosse) to monitor head?Cneck impact dosage for correlation to acute or accumulative injury risk.     

我国武术产业研究现状分析

武术作为中华民族的瑰宝,要与时俱进,紧随时代步伐,走产业化发展的道路。文章通过对武术产业的概念以及分类研究、武术产业当代发展研究、武术产业发展所面临的问题及策略三方面对我国武术产业研究现状进行分析,认为我国武术产业的发展明显表现出了地域间的不平衡;市场没有形成规模,与球类、围棋等项目差距太大;资源没有得到充分利用等特征。     

Making Martial Arts History Matter

Abstract

This paper examines key ways in which ideas such as ‘tradition’, ‘authenticity’, and ‘history’ are deployed in discourses around Asian martial arts. First introducing how such concepts are used in national contexts such as Korea and elsewhere in East Asia it then examines the case of a dispute between two English language writers on martial arts. It examines these different cases to illustrate the ways that ‘tradition’, ‘authenticity’, and ‘history’ can be deployed for different ideological ends, from nationalism to personal self-advancement, in different contexts. In doing so, the paper theorizes the consequences of antagonisms that have recently arisen between common beliefs about certain Asian martial arts and historical studies that challenge such beliefs. It concludes that the discursive status of ‘history’ is not fixed or permanent, but varies depending on context. This is the case to such an extent that the status of ‘history’ can be said to have changed decisively. Ultimately, the paper argues for the value of rigorous scholarship even when it runs counter to cultural beliefs, and highlights the significance of such scholarship for showing the ways in which martial arts history matters in more contexts and registers than martial arts alone.     

从当代审美特点看武术健身审美的大众化与多元化

武术是我国的一项优秀的民族传统体育运动,健身与观赏是当前武术发展中满足社会需求的重要方面。其中,武术的观赏活动,即武术的审美活动,很大程度上受到了当代审美发展变化的影响。在当代审美大众化、多元化、全球化、商品化、媒介化等特征的影响下,武术审美活动的重要内容之一,武术健身的审美呈现出大众化、多元化的发展特点。     

武术课程实践模式构建研究

对武术课程教学现状和特点进行分析,针对外来武术,全球化的文化侵略与争夺的冲击,提出了武术课程的教学应以＂促进健康,传承文化＂的观点,以武术文化的传承推动武术课程教学的变革,从实行文化、保健、技击、评价模块教学的角度推动高校武术课程的发展。     

高校武术教学中传统文化的缺失及对策研究

高校武术课是弘扬中国传统文化的一个重要平台,但近年来武术课的发展情况不容乐观。主要问题在于高校采取的授课方式、内容,师资力量以及武术课的分类单一;武术课中传统文化的缺失的原因有:学生兴趣缺失、重"竞技"轻"文化"、重"大纲"轻"素质"和新兴体育项目的冲击等。提出的策略有:明确武术课是传承传统文化的重要途径,加强师生交流和互动,引进先进的教学设备,技能传习与文化传承并存,变被动为主动,在武术课中引进外来文化。     

对峨嵋武术产业化发展的思考

峨嵋派武术有着辉煌的过去,是中华武术三大流派之一,而今昔日的辉煌已失。如何重拯救雄风,开创峨嵋派武术的新局面,已成为我们当前工作的重点。本文运用文献资料法、调查分析法、资料统计法等多种研究方法,从社会学、历史学、经济管理学、市场营销学的角度出发,结合峨嵋派武术实际的情况,对制约其发展的主要因素加以研究和总结,提出,在中国社会经济体制改革与武术走向世界的时代背景下,决定了峨嵋派武术越须走国际化、市场化、产业化发展的道路,峨嵋武术,要想得到振兴和发展就越须彻底地、大胆的进行改革．首先：是观念的更新,要建立与之相适应的市场观念、竞争观念、创新观念、服务观念、信息观念和人才观念,它是实现峨嵋武术做大做强的目标前提：其次：深化改革是峨嵋武术发展的关键,应建立峨嵋武术的经济实体,实行专业化的统一管理,应采用联盟制的集团化经营模式;第三,拓展市场是峨嵋武术产业化发展的核心,这就要求我们必须认真做好调查研究,充分了解市场,做好宣传工作,不断开拓创新,挖掘潜在的市场,扩大峨嵋武术在市场的占有份额,这样才能加快峨嵋武术发展的步伐。