大学研究型教学中的"研究"

大学研究型教学之"研究",内涵十分丰富,可以是研究领先的、研究取向的,也可以是研究为本的,或研究支持的.不同的涵义揭示了研究型教学中"研究"的不同侧重点.研究型教学的有效实施需要我们广义地而不是狭义地理解"研究";建立研究与教学源与流的联系;创造、设计和组织特定的条件和框架;使研究与教学互动和融合,形成"研究-教学-学习"的联接体.     

Why research-informed teaching in engineering education? A review of the evidence

Challenges of today's engineering education (EE) are emergent, necessitating calls for its reformation to empower future engineers function optimally as innovative leaders, in both local and international contexts. These challenges: keeping pace with technological dynamism; high attrition; and most importantly, quality teaching/learning require multifaceted approaches. But how can EE respond to the growing demand for relevant teaching? What can we do for engineering faculties to leverage on quality teaching? How do we embed quality teaching in EE? Scholarship of teaching and learning is advocated as one viable approach. It uses evidence-based teaching (EBT) strategies, and research-informed evidence to guide educational decisions regarding teaching and learning. We review the theories underpinning EBT, the scientific evidence on which it is based, and innovative instructional strategies that enhance active learning. Some of these issues have been discussed already, largely through developing countries lens. Nevertheless, linkages to equivalent global perspectives are presented here.     

高等教育质量风险管理的思考

当前,作为具有相对独立主体地位的高等教育面临的内外环境发生了一系列变化,高等教育质量也面临着更多的不确定性即风险。而将风险管理的理论和方法应用于高校教育质量风险管理实践,分析识别高校教育质量风险及其形成因素,做到提高认识,充分重视,完善高校内部的质量保障体系,建立有效风险管理信息系统,强化风险识别评估推行全面风险管理,深化高等教育改革以应对质量风险的挑战,是对高校教学质量保证建设领域的有益尝试,在当前高等教育进行质量风险管理具有重要的现实意义。     

You can’t teach me: exploring academic resistance to teaching development

Societal, governmental, and research expectations of universities in contemporary western society have led to increasing calls for teacher professionalism and accountability as well as research excellence and research-informed teaching. Consequently, demands on academic staff development continually emerge, which academics may view as oppressive. This paper reports research that critically examined the commonalities between a pre-established set of discourses about resistance to teaching development and views about teaching and learning in academics’ comments on student evaluations of teaching. The comparative study and the identification of commonalities are used to speculate about implications for academic development approaches both with teachers and institutions.     

Facilitating evidence-informed practice

This article draws on the notion of communal constructivism to explore its potential to frame and facilitate the development of evidence-informed practice. The explicit aspiration to nurture a research-informed workforce is prominent in discourse across policy makers, educational researchers and teacher professional groups in England; however, research evidence indicating how and why teachers might actually use research to inform their practice is limited. Furthermore, the vision for research engagement of itself is not necessarily shared between researchers and practitioners. This study examines the relationships between research and practice when academics and professionals work together. Drawing on data from the co-construction of an online research-informed guide for the teaching of English as an Additional Language (EAL), analysis highlights the complexities inherent in translating research into practice for different stakeholders. Discussion argues for the recognition of communal constructivism as a pedagogy of learning that can build understanding between researchers and practitioners for how practice might become research-informed.     

Risk-aversion: understanding teachers’ resistance to technology integration

Teachers who do not integrate technology are often labelled as ‘resistant’ to change. Yet, considerable uncertainties remain about appropriate uses and actual value of technology in teaching and learning, which can make integration and change seem risky. The purpose of this article is to explore the nature of teachers’ analytical and affective risk perceptions, and how these influence decisions to integrate technology in their teaching practice. These ideas are explored through an in-depth qualitative analysis of teacher interviews focusing on experiences with, and beliefs about, technology and teaching. Results suggest decisions to integrate technology in teaching are influenced by negative affective responses to technology, general risk-aversion in teaching, and the perceived value of technology in teaching. The risk analysis framework and findings presented in this paper can be used to support communication with teachers to minimise perceived risks and, where appropriate, help support future technology use.     

A collegial quality development process for identifying and addressing barriers to improving teaching

ABSTRACT

Challenges to ensuring teaching quality in higher education give ongoing impetus to invest in teaching quality improvement. While a significant body of literature has recognised challenges faced by academics seeking to improve teaching practices, processes for developing constructive responses to identified barriers have attracted less attention. A synthesis of literature on barriers to improvement of teaching is presented and used as a framework to assist an identification of barriers. This article reports on a national Australian trial of a collegial quality development process aimed at supporting academics to both identify and surmount barriers to improving teaching quality. Evidence of the nature and extent of barriers to improving teaching was collated from data provided by 28 academics across five Australian universities. Adopting a thematic analysis approach, a broad range of perceived barriers were identified, largely consistent with barrier categories defined in the extant literature internationally. Findings reveal that, with the support of peers, participants were able to implement effective solutions to their identified barriers to improving teaching quality. This article provides a synthesis of current barriers to improve teaching and offers a collegial quality development process as a strategy to overcome these barriers.     

生物信息学课程研究性教学的实践与思考

作为新兴交叉学科,生物信息学处于蓬勃发展阶段,来自不同学科的理论和观点不断融合,技术和方法迅速更新,这些特点决定了在课程建设和教学中,非常适合实施开放式的研究性教学。但与此同时,这也为课程的建设和施教带来了挑战和困难。结合《生物信息学》课程的教学实践,从确定课程的目标与定位、选择和组织教学内容、设计和实施研究性教学、准备和推荐扩展阅读材料等方面,探索了这一类课程建设与施教的特点和方法。     

How epistemic reflexivity enables teacher educators’ teaching for diversity: Exploring a pedagogical framework for critical thinking

Recent research points to the importance of teacher educators teaching for diversity in initial teacher education programmes. Teaching for diversity is an approach to teacher education in which an understanding of specialist literature and a focus on critical thinking supports a social justice agenda as opposed to merely using different tips and tricks to prepare future teachers for teaching diverse learners in the classroom. In this study, we explored how Australian and New Zealand teacher educators negotiated a social justice agenda in teacher education programmes, using a new transdisciplinary framework of epistemic reflexivity. The Epistemic Reflexivity for Teacher Education (ER-TED) framework draws on epistemic cognition (Clark Chinn’s Aims, Ideals, Reliable epistemic processes – AIR – framework) and Margaret Archer’s reflexivity to explore knowledge claims in teacher educators’ pedagogical decision-making. The findings identified how teacher educators in our study discerned and deliberated with respect to epistemic aims for justification, which involve transformative critical thinking and critical thinking for self. They reported good knowledge (ideals) as being scholarly in nature, and reliable epistemic processes based on higher-order thinking (analysis and evaluating competing ideas) or engaging with multiple perspectives. The teacher educators in our study are clear examples of how strong overall evaluative epistemic stances enable teaching for social justice. We argue that the ER-TED framework can help us as a profession to address teaching for diversity in teacher education programmes based on the belief that the pursuit of social justice requires an evaluativist epistemic stance.     

有效差异教学过程的管理与控制方法研究

差异教学是建构系统的、多样化的教学策略与施教的途径，应分别从教学目标、教学方法、教学过程、教学管理与控制等方面全面适应差异教学的需求。文章从有效教学的视角出发，借助于系统论、工程化的方法，从教学过程层面，探讨了差异教学过程框架的控制与管理、教学过程的评价和影响因素的分析等问题的管理方法，为有效地实施差异教学活动提供新的思路。     

What can Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR) offer academic development?

Abstract

Academic development is often seen as a compliance activity, divorced from the teaching context and what teachers are trying to achieve in their classroom. In this case study, we researched Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR) as a reflective, non-judgmental approach to help tutors identify coherence between their teaching intentions and practice. Our results provided evidence that IPR helped tutors reflect on ways to improve their teaching. It also led to unexpected ‘discoveries’ not typically afforded by conventional academic development. We conclude that IPR offers a formative, teacher-focussed and contextual approach that has not been clearly defined in the literature. We offer the IPR model followed in this study for academic developers and researchers alike.     

基于文学与影像互读的中国现当代文学课程教学初探

基于文学与影像互读的中国现当代文学课程教学探索可归结为"一突出四坚持"。即确立文学与影像互读的教学观念,突出文学与影像互读教学的必要性;力求适时适量,坚持文学与影像互读教学的科学性;贯穿教学全过程,坚持文学与影像互读教学的连续性;实施研究性教学,坚持文学与影像互读教学的创新性;以文学原著为根本,坚持文学与影像互读教学的文学性。     

The casualisation of teaching and the subject at risk

The casualisation of teaching in Australian higher education has come to be problematised as a risk to the quality of teaching and learning. However, the potential and location of risk, and therefore what constitutes an appropriate institutional intervention, requires interrogation as universities comply with the various regulations that, on the one hand, legitimise further casualisation in the name of flexibility, and on the other, insist on institutional responsibilities in the performance of quality. Taking a critical approach to risk consciousness, this paper examines the way casualisation is produced through workplace reform and problematised as a danger to the student learning experience through the quality agenda in Australian higher education. By examining the tensions between the discourses of flexibility and quality, the authors argue that casualisation should not simply be understood as a problem with individual teaching expertise that can be overcome through formal training of the individual. The neo-liberal political rationality that seeks to individuate responsibility and locate “risk” in this way masks the broader systemic tensions within the culture of the university which the authors argue have increasingly profound consequences for the quality of university education. Arguing that professional learning and quality enhancement are the product of open collaborative and collegial social practice, the authors conclude that addressing casualisation only in terms of systematic teacher training is a politically expedient response to a highly complex political issue facing Australian universities. Drawing on professional learning literature, the authors argue for a shift in policy and practice within the university to recognise, value and integrate the expertise and potential quality contribution of casual teaching staff at a micro-level with a particular focus on the teaching team.     

Quality perinatal nursing education through coteaching

Collaboration in teaching can take different forms, including the model of coteaching. This educational strategy requires time, effort, commitment, and collaboration between partners in order to ensure an enhanced teaching and learning experience. Little has been written recently on the theory of coteaching. The literature does not address the subject of coteaching or team teaching from a combined theoretical and clinical perspective. Two professors in nursing sciences present their experience in coteaching over a 4-year period, covering a theoretical course and a clinical practicum at the basic baccalaureate level, as well as the supervision of clinical preceptors for this same practicum. They describe the conceptual, personal, and environmental conditions that enabled them to use this particular form of teaching at this point in their careers. They discuss how the concept works as well as the advantages and disadvantages from the perspective of professors, students, and preceptors. Recommendations are made for implementing such a strategy while minimizing the risks for the program, the teachers, the students, and the educational milieux. Their discussion may provide insight for programs that prepare childbirth educators.     

Evaluate to improve: useful approaches to student evaluation

Many teachers in higher education use feedback from students to evaluate their teaching, but only some use these evaluations to improve their teaching. One important factor that makes the difference is the teacher’s approach to their evaluations. In this article, we identify some useful approaches for improving teaching. We conducted focus groups with award-winning university teachers who use student evaluations to improve their teaching, and we identified how they approach their evaluation data. We found that these teachers take a reflective approach, aiming for constant improvement, and see their evaluation data as formative feedback, useful for improving learning outcomes for their students. We summarise this as the improvement approach, and we offer it for other teachers to emulate. We argue that if teachers take this reflective, formative, student-centred approach, they can also use student evaluations to improve their teaching, and this approach should be fostered by institutions to encourage more teachers to use student evaluations to improve their teaching.     

Evaluation of university teaching as sound performance appraisal

As research on student evaluations of teaching (SET) has dominated our understanding of teaching evaluation, debate over SET implementation has turned attention away from basic principles for appraising employee performance as established in human resources literature. Considering SET research and its practical significance in isolation from relevant human resources literature not only risks unlawful remedies for issues such as bias in SET but also risks replacing one form of bias with another. Meanwhile, the full potential of human resources tools to support consistent evaluation of teaching remains unrealized. To address this gap, this article clarifies how teaching evaluation can be conducted as sound performance appraisal by deploying SET and peer review of teaching within a larger framework of established human resources techniques. A review of recent literature articulates prominent themes in research on SET and peer review of teaching and outlines key principles for performance appraisal and performance management. Those principles are used to analyze representative faculty evaluation policies and procedures and clarify the weaknesses of both traditional and recently revised approaches to teaching evaluation. The final section elaborates performance appraisal techniques relevant to teaching evaluation. These include planful use of results and/or behavior approaches to performance appraisal, robust rating instruments for behavioral performance appraisal, targeted collection of information from multiple stakeholders, and job analysis. Efforts to de-emphasize quantitative SET data to address issues such as bias can be strengthened through the incorporation of performance appraisal tools that clearly articulate performance criteria and standards and that gather both qualitative and quantitative data on employee performance.     

适时调整和改革现代文学课程教学内容和方法

在当下语境中,现代文学学科面临着被边缘化的困境,学科课程也出现了一些新的问题,因此现代文学课堂教学急需进行适时调整。在教学内容上应该开设系列选修课作为必修课的补充;在教学方法上鼓励师生教学互动;同时积极开展丰富的现代文学＂第二课堂＂活动,还要辅之以现代文学课程科学评价体系的建设。