Special Education in the United Kingdom

ALL CHILDREN of school age in the United Kingdom are the responsibility of the Education Authority and must be offered educational provision. About 1.3% of pupils attend special schools; other pupils with special educational needs receive support of various kinds in ordinary schools. The Education Act 1981 is the main legislative instrument concerned with special education: it defined special educational needs, established integration as a key principle guiding service provision and laid down detailed procedures for conducting assessments. Special educational provision is likely to be affected significantly by the general Education Act introduced in 1988 but the precise implications are not yet clear.     

论教育生态平衡与素质教育

教育是一个特殊的生态系统，教育生态平衡是教育事业健康发展的基本环境，素质教育从本质上说是可持续发展的生态教育，只有在教育生态平衡的基础上才能够实现。讨论实现教育生态平衡、加快推进素质教育的主要途径。     

Opportunities for inclusion? The education of learners with special educational needs and disabilities in special schools in Uganda

The Government of Uganda aims to provide good quality education for all learners in inclusive schools. However, some learners who have severe disabilities, including those who are deaf, will, for some time, continue to receive their education in special schools. In this article, Kirsten Kristensen, consultant in inclusive and special needs education for many countries in East Africa, Martin Omagor-Loican, Commissioner for Special Needs Education, Negris Onen, Principal Education Officer for Special Needs and Inclusive Education, both at the Ministry of Education in Sports in Uganda, and Daniel Okot, co-ordinator for the Diploma in Special Needs Education at Kyambogo University, provide an account of their study of 15 such schools. The findings from the study indicate a striking need for reform and transformation. While Uganda has an advanced structure for training teachers in special needs education, the quality of education and educational materials in special schools, is poor. Often children are admitted to special schools without proper assessment of their educational needs and the resources are not available to provide them with an appropriate range of experiences. The authors of this article call for a thoroughgoing review of provision and make a series of coherent and persuasive recommendations for developments in policy and practice focused on enabling special schools in Uganda to play an essential role in future as resource centres supporting an inclusive education system.     

中西方教育视野下之儿童观比较

文章以当前我国儿童教育中存在的问题为切入点,选取中西比较和教育分析的视角,从教育的本质、教育的目的和教育的意义等维度对中西儿童观进行历史的回顾与反思,探讨以现代教育理论为基础的儿童生活观下构建新生活教育培养目标的可行性,以求对当前我国儿童教育形成有益的借鉴和启示。     

"编辑与教育两轮一辙"编辑思想的启示

“编辑与教育两轮一辙”的编辑思想，是编辑出版家叶圣陶先生提出来的，并一直贯穿着他的整个编辑生涯，他认为，编辑出版工作即是教育工作，具有强大的社会教育作用；出版工作者是教师，专门为广大读者服务；出版物是教育工具，也是培养园地，从而实现为社会主义文化建设服务的教育目的。     

The New Tribunal: First Responses

Special Educational Needs Tribunal: Consultation Paper on Draft Regulations and Rules of Procedure was issued on February 9 by the Department for Education (DFE). The draft regulations and draft circular derive from sections in the 1993 Education Act which replace the present 'flawed' system of local authority appeals committees with a new independent system to deal with appeals against LEA decisions about statements of special educational needs. Jack Rabinowicz, chairman of the Education Law Association (ELAS) and a partner in a London firm of solicitors, and John Friel, a London barrister who leads the special educational needs interest group in ELAS and is the father of a child with a statement of needs, give their first reactions.     

Normalisation: An analysis of aspects of special educational needs

An exploration of the governmental policy, prison works, and its attendant recidivism provides the general opening. The 1944 Education Act is then taken as furnishing the medical model of personal handicap and deficiency which informed special education at an early stage. The Warnock Report's attempt to shift considerations to educational grounds is examined with a particular focus upon the ensuing definition of special needs and its legacy in legislation following the 1981 Act to the present. Foucault's concept of normalisation is the basis for analysis of the normative elements in the main features of the national curriculum and testing. This latter together with aspects of the 1988 Education Reform Act are examined with regard to their impact upon special educational needs. The conclusions are that 'education works' and the rediscovery of the medical model of personal deficiency.     

关于建立教育思想新体系的思考

教育是人类特有的社会现象。人类教育思想的发展史,反映着人类认识教育这种特殊的社会现象的一般规律。要建立教育思想新体系必须尊重历史,借鉴西方,与时俱进。     

Special Education in Parliament

The Code of Practice on special educational needs, foreshadowed in the 1993 Education Act which received Royal Assent on July 27, will shortly be circulated in draft form for wide-ranging consultation by the Department for Education (DFE).     

战后日本振兴偏僻地区教育的措施及其启示

日本非常重视偏僻地区教育发展,一直将振兴偏僻地区教育作为一项十分重要的国策予以重视。比如,制定专门面向偏僻地区教育发展的《偏僻地区教育振兴法》,建立一整套保障偏僻地区教育发展的财政补助制度,重视面向偏僻地区学校的教师培养和培训,大力推进偏僻地区教育信息化建设。日本振兴偏僻地区教育的措施对我国当前的农村教育特别是贫困地区教育工作的开展具有借鉴作用。     

Psychologists,Psychiatrists and Special Educational Needs in Britain since 1944

This paper provides an historical survey of special educational provision in Britain by tracing the part played since 1944 by psychologists, psychiatrists and guidance clinic personnel in meeting the requirements of children with special educational needs. While the pre‐1944 story is covered in such standard works as Pritchard (1963), discussion of the period since the Education Act of 1944 is scattered in research journals and isolated book chapters. The present account attempts an initial synthesis, outlining the history of educational psychology since the appointment of Cyril Burt in 1913; the change from a medical to an educational model of special need; the growth of child guidance clinics; the role of the psychiatrist; development of new guidance concepts in the 1970s; and an outline of treatment approaches in child guidance. The paper concludes by referring briefly to the allied fields of counselling and research in education for children with special needs.     

学习型社会建设的理念、路径和对策

学习型社会是我国全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标之一。中国成人教育协会组织的＂学习型社会建设研究＂项目,是教育部人文社会科学研究专项任务,列入了全国教育科学＂十一五＂规划教育部重点课题。这项课题研究紧紧围绕＂建设＂的主题,沿着为什么建设学习型社会、什么是学习型社会和怎样建设学习型社会的内在逻辑与技术路线展开,力求反映学习型社会建设的时代特征、中国特色、建设特性,在阐明学习型社会建设的理论基础上,提出前瞻性思路和可供行动的对策。     

A consideration of the essential differences in the provision of special education for children and for adults

Peter Watson, a lecturer in Adult Education in the Continuing Educations Unit at the University of Leeds, considers the wider implications of the differences between special education for children and the educational provision for adults with special needs.     

On the Periphery of Curricular Change?

The article below picks up a central theme from the December 1987 issue of the journal: how far special educational needs are a central focus of the recently introduced national curriculum initiatives for 14- to 19-year-olds. Peter Clough, lecturer in education, Sheffield University, and Marjorie Hinchliffe, advisory teacher, special needs, Sheffield Education Authority, describe the responses of a sample of special needs coordinators in Sheffield schools and conclude that special educational needs need to be brought to the forefront of whole-school curricular change rather than being left in the background.     

Mental health and special educational needs: exploring a complex relationship

The relationship between mental health and special educational needs is both complex and misunderstood. In this article, Richard Rose, Professor of Special and Inclusive Education, Marie Howley, Senior Lecturer, Ann Fergusson, Senior Lecturer, and Johnson Jament, a PhD student, all from the Centre for Special Needs Education and Research directed by Richard Rose at the University of Northampton, discuss findings from a national research project which explored the perceptions of pupil mental health needs by staff working in residential special schools. Teachers and other professional colleagues often feel ill-prepared to address mental health difficulties experienced by their pupils. This is, at times, exacerbated by a wider confusion when atypical behaviours are attributed to a diagnosed learning difficulty rather than being recognised as symptomatic of a mental health problem. The article suggests a need for clarification of the relationship between complex special educational needs and mental health and for increases in training opportunities and the development of resources for teaching about and supporting mental health and emotional well-being.     

In conclusion: Questions of culture and education

Professor of Education in Developing Countries, and Head of Education and International Development, at the Institute of Education, University of London. She has worked and researched extensively in Africa and Asia. As a social psychologist, she has a special interest in learning, and as an ‘agent of development’, a sensitivity to the diversity of cultural contexts, the significance of context for effective learning and the quality and relevance of educational exports from one setting to another.     

面向教育硕士培养的个性化教育资源平台设计

教育硕士专业学位培养是提升教师专业素质的重要途径之一,系统地设计与开发教育硕士培养资源对于提高教育硕士培养质量具有重要意义。本文以辽宁师范大学在读教育硕士为研究对象,通过问卷调查了解这一特殊群体的学习需求,设计开发了面向教育硕士培养的个性化教育资源平台,并分析了平台的内容、体系结构与设计特点,以期对目前教育硕士培养资源的建设提供参考。     

The New Act: A Special Need for Vigilance

The conflict between the intentions of the Education Reform Act and those of the 1981 Education Act, the Warnock Report and related developments is discussed by Professor Klaus Wedell, Institute of Education, London University. Questions about modifying and disapplying the National Curriculum for pupils with special educational needs are also raised.     

'Good for Them, or What?' The Arts and Pupils with SEN

Melanie Peter, Advisory Teacher with Norfolk Local Education Authority, explores the value of arts experiences for pupils with special educational needs (SEN), and places the arts firmly in the current educational context. She believes that the arts are 'therapeutic' as distinct from 'therapy' and recognises their unique contribution to the curriculum.     

The integration of students with special needs in Latin America and the Caribbean: Present situation and outlook

Degree in educational sciences. Technical adviser to the Centre for Curriculum Development of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science. Regional expert in special education at UNESCO's Regional Office for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.