美国的公共卫生教育

随着人类平均期望寿命的延长,生活质量的不断提高,标志着公共卫生事业取得了巨大的成功。但是,随着社会的不断发展,新的公共卫生问题又不断涌现,从而给公共卫生教育提出了新的、更高的需求。全球的公共卫生教育都面临着新的挑战,根据各国自己的实际情况进行着积极的探索。本文力图通过对美国公共卫生教育历史和现状的分析,使读者对美国的公共卫生教育有一全面的了解,并从中吸取有益的经验供我国公共卫生教育工作者借鉴。     

论后疫情时代的国家公共卫生法治人才培养

2020年暴发的流行于全球200多个国家的新型冠状病毒疫情,再一次向人类敲响警钟:突发重大病毒疫情是人类生存与发展的最大威胁,公共卫生是人类过去、现在和未来所必须直面的世界性课题。以当今世界公共卫生法治领域中的重大问题为出发点,以我国当前公共卫生法治保障亟须大量公共卫生法治专业人才的现实需求为导向,梳理传统法学人才培养模式以及存在的弊端,借鉴域外相应的公共卫生法治人才培养经验,探索我国公共卫生法治人才培养模式的改革和创新路径。     

人类进入后抗生素时代——超级细菌的警示

随着超级细菌再度走进人们的视野,抗菌药物的使用问题已经成为全球严重的公共卫生问题之一。本文从＂后抗生素时代＂命题入手,综述了超级细菌的概念、致病机理、给人类造成的危害,以及人类研制抗生素与致病细菌对抗的历史和滥用抗生素导致的恶果,最后提出人类抵制超级细菌,维护健康的策略。     

人类疾病的基因治疗

1990年9月14日，美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)的Miche M R．Blaese和French W．Andorsn研究小组对一名4岁的患腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)缺乏症的女孩进行基因治疗。他们将正常ADA基因利用反转录病毒载体导入女孩淋巴细胞内．体外培养后回输入她体内．实验取得圆满成功。这是人类历史上第一个成功的基因治疗临床实验。     

历史学语境下考察改变人类历史进程的流行性疫病

自然变迁和人类活动使人类与微寄生系统交往的失衡常常导致流行性疫病大范围暴发和长时间蔓延,由此对人的健康与生命安全造成了重大威胁,也导致社会秩序混乱,甚至使人类文明面临难以延续的危机。古往今来,为解决威胁生命安全、经济发展和社会稳定的瘟疫疾患,人类一直在不懈地探索防控流行性疫病的应对机制,如研发流行性疫病疫苗、采取隔离措施、推动公共卫生防疫、完善防治流行性疫病的现代协同治理模式等。当下,人类需总结历史经验又应反思灾难治理中存在的现实问题,这对更好地改善当代和未来人类的生存状况及巩固其在历史发展中的主体地位具有重要的意义。     

中国共产党领导公共卫生事业建设的百年历程研究

建党一百年来,中国共产党始终把人民的利益放在首位,坚持人民至上、生命至上。中国共产党在各个历史时期带领全国各族人民战胜疫病,走出了一条中国特色卫生与健康的发展道路,谱写了公共卫生事业建设的辉煌篇章。回顾党的历史,了解党领导下公共卫生事业的建设历程,总结自新民主主义革命时期以来公共卫生事业建设的宝贵经验,为新时代我国公共卫生事业的创新发展提供借鉴。     

人类卫生健康共同体:生成逻辑·核心内涵·实践价值

习近平主席关于打造人类卫生健康共同体的倡议,为应对疫情全球流行、克服疫情多重不利影响提出了切实可行的中国方案。人类卫生健康共同体的倡议是对全球公共卫生安全威胁的现实回应,是对人类关于应对重大风险实践理念的历史超越和人类命运共同体理念的拓展和升华。同时,它蕴含着深刻的科学内涵和实践价值,是对人类命运共同体理念所倡导的全球治理观、持续发展观和共同利益观的具体展示,为世界团结抗疫注入了坚定信心,为全球卫生治理提供了路径指引,为中国树立了良好国家形象。     

中国构建人类卫生健康共同体：历史实践、现代探索与未来规划

清末东北鼠疫暴发之际,清政府及时履行国际职责,协调、动员多国力量扑灭鼠疫这一人类共同的敌人以保护人民健康,是中国构建人类卫生健康共同体的历史实践。2020年中国在成功防控新冠肺炎的基础上多次在国际场合倡议构建人类卫生健康共同体以应对突发公共卫生危机,并积极探索构建人类卫生健康共同体如分享中国经验、贡献中国智慧。在未来构建人类卫生健康共同体的进程中,中国应及时建设国内卫生健康共同体,同时促进中国参与其中的地区性国际组织构建区域卫生健康共同体,为携手共建人类卫生健康共同体创设有利条件并奠定坚实基础。     

基于数据仓库的突发公共卫生事件数据分析系统的研究

为将疾病预防控制中心信息化积累的海量数据用于决策支持,应用数据仓库技术对突发公共卫生事件的历史数据进行多维联机分析处理（Online Analytical Processing,OLAP）,创建基于数据仓库技术的突发公共卫生事件数据多维分析模型,并探讨数据仓库技术在突发公共卫生事件数据分析中发挥的作用、构建模式和应用前景．给出基于数据仓库的突发公共卫生事件数据分析系统的设计与实现．     

在历史虚无主义批判中加强"四个自信"教育

2019年底爆发的新冠肺炎疫情表明,当代社会突发重大公共卫生事件已经呈现出新形势,并在信息时代和人类命运共同发展的背景下对政府和社会应对重大危机提出了新的挑战.全面、辩证、历史地看待疫情的影响,批判和抵制以历史虚无主义为代表的负面社会思潮,加强"四个自信"教育,对于消解疫情的不利因素、迅速恢复社会发展、增强人民信心、推...     

美国国家标准学校健康教育课程模式及评价

开设健康教育课程是学校开展健康教育、向学生灌输健康知识和培养健康行为的重要途径之一。1995年美国健康标准联合委员会颁布了《国家健康教育标准》，为美国中小学健康教育课程的设置提供了政策性支持和依据标准，并对学校健康教育课程的内容、特点、实施和评价等作出了明确的规定。该标准可为我国学校健康教育课程的改革和发展提供积极的借鉴。     

Funding of medical research in Australia by the National Health & Medical Research Council

Australia invests a smaller percentage of its GDP, and a smaller percentage of total health expenditure, on medical and health research, than nations with which it often compares itself: some 16% of total national R&D expenditure is in the medical and health area (ASTEC). The National Health and Medical Research Council (NH&MRC) is an independent statutory body, with Principal Committees in medical and health research, health care, public health, and ethics. The Council is widely representative, meets in public, and is formally reviewed triennially. Its Medical Research Committee (MRC) advises on the distribution of $106 M for research projects, programs, units, and major institutes. Features of MRC's allocative procedures are emphasis on investigator-initiated proposals, extensive review, interviews, reporting in full, and blind determination of funding cut-offs. An extensive training and career support system is maintained, but no NH&MRC funded posts are tenured. There are extensive guidelines on Conflict of Interest, Good Scientific Practice, and Human and Animal Ethics.     

A place for community colleges in public health education: Two curricular frameworks

The Community College and Public Health project is sponsored by the League for Innovation in the Community College (the League) and the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health’s Framing the Future Task Force. The mission is to fully include community colleges in the continuum of public health education. An expert panel outlined efforts community colleges and public health could do together. Two prototype curricular models were then developed. Public Health: Generalist & Specializations is intended for transfer to bachelor’s degree programs in general public health, health education, health administration or environmental health. Health Navigator is primarily an applied associate degree program preparing graduates as Community Health Workers, patient navigators, and health insurance navigators. The prototype curricular frameworks were developed in collaboration with public health academic and practice organizations. The League expects to play a lead role in implementation including sponsoring demonstration projects and recognition awards for excellence.     

生命伦理与公共健康伦理的冲突

生命伦理与公共健康伦理所产生的社会背景不同,它们有不同的任务与使命,这使得它们在研究目标、方法、原则、理论基础等许多方面存在着冲突,这些冲突具体表现在以下四个方面:个体善与公共善的冲突;个人自主与政府干预的冲突;义务论与目的论的冲突;自由主义与社群主义的冲突。因此,生命伦理不能作为公共健康伦理的起点,公共健康伦理必须形成自己独立的理论体系,以应对公共健康中不断出现的伦理问题。     

突发公共卫生事件下高等院校危机管理机制探析——以新冠肺炎疫情为例

新冠肺炎疫情的爆发,引发了一系列的突发性、群体性、破坏性连锁反应。高等院校作为突发公共卫生事件的易感区,对有效的危机管理机制和制度建设具有强烈的现实需要。基于突发公共卫生事件危机管理理论、系统论、协同论思想,结合高等教育稳定发展的切实需要,根据新冠肺炎疫情期间国内高等院校在学生管理、优势学科服务疫情防控、"学研政"联合防控模式等方面的经验与反思,探索建立突发公共卫生事件下高等院校顶层制度设计、资源集成、处理方案评估、教务创新、科学引导应对管理机制。     

Data envelopment analysis on evaluating the efficiency of public hospitals in Tianjin,China

Public hospitals are the most important components of health systems and account for a large proportion of health resources in China. However, few researches on the efficiency assessment of public hospitals have been conducted in Tianjin, China. On the basis of the data of annual health service report in 2013 from the Ministry of Health, we measured the relative efficiency of the tertiary general public hospitals in Tianjin and estimated the magnitudes of output increase and/or input reduction by using data envelopment analysis to improve hospital efficiency. The main findings of this study indicate that more than half of the sample hospitals operate at a technical and scale efficiency, and the prevalent scale inefficiency is increasing returns to scale. Moreover, it is a prominent issue that health resource constraint and resource waste coexist. Health policy-makers and hospital administrators would need to address these problems by taking comprehensive measures such as optimizing the allocation of health resources, implementing hierarchical diagnosis and treatment, as well as innovating medical-service operating mechanism of public hospital to improve the people’s wellbeing.     

Building capacity through action research curricula reviews

In Australia, graduates of Master of Public Health (MPH) programmes are expected to achieve a set of core competencies, including a subset that is specifically related to Indigenous health. This paper reports on the methods utilised in a project which was designed using action research to strengthen Indigenous public health curricula within MPH programmes at Australian universities. This aim is achieved through the use of three interlinked ‘action–reflection’ cycles, involving individual Indigenous public health academics who, through their membership in a scholarly network, have undertaken a series of curriculum reviews, which have in turn influenced organisational change in universities. The project results demonstrated how action research can successfully strengthen Indigenous public health curricula.     

Building the open road: The NREN as a test-bed for the National Public Network

While the National Research and Education Network will meet the computer and communication needs of scientists, researchers, and educators, its implementation should also be used as an opportunity to extend the benefits of public networking technology to new groups of users. If built in a competitive environment, according to the principles of open interconnection, adherence to nonproprietary standards, common carriage, easy-to-use user interfaces, and respect for personal privacy, the NREN could demonstrate the great potential of public broadband networks in the future. As policy makers debate the role of the public telephone and other existing information networks in the nation's information infrastructure, the NREN can serve as a working test-bed for new technologies, applications, and governing policies that will ultimately shape the growing National Public Network.This paper was originally written in September 1991, so legislative citations are not all to the latest version of NREN legislation.The authors wish to thank Art Kleiner and Danny Weitzner for contributing to the writing of this article. A version of the article will be published in Building Information Infrastructure: Issues in the Development of the National Research and Education Network (B. Kahin, ed., McGraw-Hill), a collection of papers from a symposium sponsored by the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program and Strategic Computing and Telecommunications in the Public Sector Program of the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.     

基于公共健康理念的小区修详规指标体系研究

公共健康与城乡规划联系密切,国内外也有涉及对其交叉联系的研究,我国对此研究不多.本文介绍公共健康产生的背景、概念以及目前修建性详细规划的不足,分析了居住小区修建性详细规划纳入公共健康理念的必要性,指出居住小区修建性详细规划中影响公共健康的几大因素,提出促进公共健康的居住小区修建性详细规划的指标体系,为提高小区规划质量提供理论依据,给小区居民提供健康的人居环境,并且采用专家打分法对指标体系进行了量化研究.     

医学还是公共管理学——对卫生事业管理专业培养定位的思考

文章分析卫生事业管理专业的历史和培养方案,发现培养目标为卫生领域的公共管理人才,专业核心课程为公共管理、医学知识和卫生法学类,主干课皆为公共管理学。随着社会需要的变迁,该专业的公共管理学科属性将不断加强。