美国儿童博物馆的教育意义及启示——基于布鲁克林儿童博物馆的家长访谈研究

近年来,西方儿童博物馆日益成为儿童教育特别是学前教育的第二课堂。文章采用随机抽样方式,对造访美国布鲁克林儿童博物馆的30位儿童家长开展访谈研究,分析家庭入馆活动特点、动机以及家长对儿童博物馆短长期教育收益的看法。研究发现,在家长眼中,儿童博物馆除了能给孩子带来玩得开心、释放能量等即时收益,也具有丰富的教育意义。对中国的启示主要包括:在各地建设更多儿童博物馆、现有馆中增设多元文化展区和促进博物馆教育与正式学前教育的融合。     

Concurrent and Longitudinal Relations Between Children's Sleep and Cognitive Functioning: The Moderating Role of Parent Education

Relations between children's sleep and cognitive functioning were examined over 2 years, and race and socioeconomic status were assessed as moderators of effects. Third-grade African American and European American children ( N  =   166; M  =   8.72 years) participated at Time 1 and again 2 years later ( N  =   132). At both Time 1 and Time 2, sleep was examined via self-report and actigraphy. Children were administered selected tests from the Woodcock–Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Abilities, and Stanford Achievement Test scores were obtained from schools. Children's sleep was related to intellectual ability and academic achievement. Results build substantially on an emerging literature supportive of the importance of sleep in children.     

Developing Children's Understanding of Fractions: An Intervention Study

Fractions constitute a stumbling block in mathematics education. To improve children's understanding of fractions, we designed an intervention based on learning‐by‐doing activities, which focused on the representation of the magnitude of fractions. Participants were 292 Grade 4 and 5 children. Half of the classes received experimental instruction, while the other half pursued their usual lessons. For 10 weeks, they played five different games using cards representing fractions (e.g., Memory and Blackjack). Wooden disks helped them represent and manipulate fractions while playing games. Our results showed an improvement in the conceptual understanding of fractions. The findings confirmed that the usual practice in teaching fractions is largely based on procedural knowledge and provides only minimal opportunities for children to conceptualize the meaning and magnitude of fractional notations. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that a short intervention inducing children to manipulate, compare, and evaluate fractions improves their ability to associate fractional notations with numerical magnitude.     

儿童文学对低龄儿童焦虑心理的干预

在很多人的心目中,童年是纯真美好的,但是目前我国儿童焦虑心理普遍存在并呈现低龄化发展趋势。不少儿童文学作品已经开始尝试去反映儿童的焦虑心理,对低龄儿童存在的压力进行了或多或少的释放。研究这一部分作品,对于我们拓宽儿童文学领域、深化儿童文学内涵、更新儿童文学认知具有重要的参考价值。     

Morphological Awareness and Chinese Children's Literacy Development: An Intervention Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between morphological awareness and Chinese children's literacy development. Of the 169 children from elementary schools in Beijing, China, who participated in the study, about half received enhanced instruction on the morphology of characters and words in the first and second grade. At the beginning of second grade and at the beginning of third grade, children were tested on morphological awareness, reading, and writing. The results showed that morphological instruction substantially improved children's performance on the morphological awareness and literacy measures. The best-fitting structural equation models suggested a unidirectional causal relation in early second grade and a reciprocal relation in early third grade between morphological awareness and children's literacy development.     

School Characteristics and Parent Involvement: Influences on Participation in Children's Schools

Abstract

Several school-level variables thought to influence the degree to which parents are involved in their children's education were explored. The author sought to clarify, both theoretically and empirically, the meaning of parent involvement. Also, several statistical regression models were developed on the basis of school characteristics. The models help to explain the variance in 9 categories of parent involvement. The results of this study indicate that many forms of parent involvement, such as the structure that parents create for students in the home environment, are not easily influenced by school-level variables. However, several forms of parent involvement, including parent volunteerism and participation in parent-teacher organizations, can be increased when teachers attempt to contact parents.     

Fostering Parental Support for Children's Mathematical Development: An Intervention with Head Start Families

The first national education goal, school readiness, recognizes a need for young children to be better prepared for entry into elementary school. Many low-income children exhibit a pattern of underachievement in school mathematics. Research has revealed a developmental gap between low-income preschool children and their middle-class peers with respect to the extent of their numerical knowledge. Research has also found that many low-income children do not receive a broad base of support for mathematical development at home or in preschool. In each of two studies, we conducted a bi-generation (parent and child) mathematics intervention with Head Start families. The intervention was designed to enhance parental support for pre-kindergarten children's mathematical development. It was found that low-income parents were willing and able to support this area of their children's development once they were provided with the training to do so. The support that parents provided to their children through the intervention was clearly effective in enhancing the development of children's informal mathematical knowledge. Intervention children developed more extensive mathematical knowledge than a comparison group of low-income children. Thus, an important step toward achieving the school readiness goal can be taken by fostering low- income parents' support for young children's mathematical development.     

Fostering Parental Support for Children's Mathematical Development: An Intervention with Head Start Families

The first national education goal, school readiness, recognizes a need for young children to be better prepared for entry into elementary school. Many low-income children exhibit a pattern of underachievement in school mathematics. Research has revealed a developmental gap between low-income preschool children and their middle-class peers with respect to the extent of their numerical knowledge. Research has also found that many low-income children do not receive a broad base of support for mathematical development at home or in preschool. In each of two studies, we conducted a bi-generation (parent and child) mathematics intervention with Head Start families. The intervention was designed to enhance parental support for pre-kindergarten children's mathematical development. It was found that low-income parents were willing and able to support this area of their children's development once they were provided with the training to do so. The support that parents provided to their children through the intervention was clearly effective in enhancing the development of children's informal mathematical knowledge. Intervention children developed more extensive mathematical knowledge than a comparison group of low-income children. Thus, an important step toward achieving the school readiness goal can be taken by fostering low- income parents' support for young children's mathematical development.     

儿童入学准备问题及其教育干预途径

相关研究发现,儿童早期的入学准备状况能够很好地预测儿童入学后的学校适应,那些在入学准备上存在风险的儿童,将在学校适应上面临更多的问题。因此,及时对学龄儿童采取相应的教育干预,可有效地提高其入学准备水平,为其顺利适应学校生活打下良好基础。文章在实证研究的基础上,结合我国儿童在入学准备方面存在的问题和不足。提出了儿童入学准备的三级教育干预模型：家庭环境的准备、学前教育环境的准备和学校环境的准备。     

幼儿游戏中教师的无效干预

游戏是幼儿最基本的活动,要让游戏能够发挥出教育价值,教师如何对幼儿游戏进行合理的指导就显得至关重要。目前教师对幼儿游戏的指导,在方式、时机等方面有许多误区。对教师在幼儿游戏中所进行的无效干预进行研究,并提出合理建议,以达到充分发挥游戏的教育价值和促进幼儿健康发展的教育目的。     

学前儿童家长教育的现状、需求及建议——以重庆市为例

通过对重庆市主城区和周边区县300名家长展开家长教育的现状和需求调查,发现家长教育网络资源的提供空间较大,家长对幼儿园的信任度最高,家长对家庭管理的需求最低,对育儿知识的需求最高,在育儿知识中对艺术教育的需求最低。基于此,文章提出:政府牵头设计,搭建科学有力的家长支持格局;基于家长的需求,引导家长提升科学的教育观念;规范网络平台,发展网络技术。     

The Effects of Interactive Reading Homework and Parent Involvement on Children's Inference Responses

This study examined the effects of (a) interactive reading homework, and (b) parent involvement with children during homework on students' responses to inference questions. Interactive reading homework refers to homework designed to involve both parents and children and to facilitate student reasoning. The participants were 84 parents and 84 second grade students from three Alabama elementary schools. Data were gathered using pre- and post student inference tests, parent behavior checklists, and parent homework questionnaires. The results indicated that interactive reading homework increased both parental involvement during the completion of reading homework assignments and students' ability to draw inferences.     

Changes in Elementary School Children's Achievement Goals for Reading and Writing: Results of a Longitudinal and an Intervention Study

An achievement goal framework was used to examine changes in students' motivation for reading and writing in the late elementary years and to evaluate a classroom intervention project. The longitudinal study involved 431 students in Grades 3 to 5. Results showed significant declines in task-mastery and performance goals within the school year and across grade levels. There were few sex differences in students' goals for reading and writing. The intervention project included 8 teachers and 187 students in Grade 3. This study showed how various instructional modifications can influence students' achievement goals, perceived competence, and strategy use in reading and writing. As teachers provided more opportunities for students to complete challenging, collaborative, and multiday assignments, students became less focused on performance goals, and low-achieving students reported less work avoidance. The educational implications of this research are discussed.     

The Longitudinal Effects of Early Language Intervention on Children's Problem Behaviors

Researchers examined whether a parent-implemented language intervention improved problem behaviors 1 year after intervention. Ninety-seven children with language delays (mean age at 12-month follow-up = 48.22 months) were randomized to receive Enhanced Milieu Teaching (EMT) language intervention or business as usual treatment. Twelve months after the intervention ended, children in the EMT intervention condition displayed lower rates of parent-reported externalizing, internalizing, and total problem behaviors. A mediation analysis revealed that the relation between EMT and problem behaviors was partially mediated by child rate of communication for both internalizing and total problem behaviors. A developmental framework is proposed to explain the impact of EMT on problem behaviors, and future lines of research are discussed.     

Gender Labels and Play Styles: Their Relative Contribution to Children's Selection of Playmates

The relative contribution of gender labels and play styles (masculine or feminine) in playmate selection was evaluated in 60 children between the ages of 4 and 8 years using a novel interview measure. In the interview, when targets' gender labels and targets' play styles were presented as independent dimensions, children showed predicted sex differences in preferences for gender labels and for play styles (including toys, rough-and-tumble play, and activity level). However, when targets' gender labels and targets' play styles were presented as competing dimensions, boys of all ages chose female targets with masculine play styles over male targets with feminine play styles. In contrast, younger girls (4–5-year-olds) chose female targets with masculine play styles, whereas older girls (6–8-year-olds) chose male targets with feminine play styles. This suggests possible sex differences in the contribution of gender labels and of play styles in the development of children's preferences for same-sexed playmates.     

Measuring Growth in Bilingual and Monolingual Children's English Productive Vocabulary Development: The Utility of Combining Parent and Teacher Report

This longitudinal study examined growth in the English productive vocabularies of bilingual and monolingual children between ages 24 and 36 months and explored the utility and validity of supplementing parent reports with teacher reports to improve the estimation of children's vocabulary. Low-income, English-speaking and English/Spanish-speaking parents and Early Head Start and Head Start program teachers completed the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventory, Words and Sentences for 85 children. Results indicate faster growth rates for monolingual than for bilingual children and larger vocabularies for bilingual children who spoke mostly English than mostly Spanish at home. Parent–teacher composite reports, like parent reports, significantly related to children's directly assessed productive vocabulary at ages 30 and 36 months, but parent reports fit the model better. Implications for vocabulary assessment are discussed.     

浙江省白血病患儿父母应对方式的调查研究

目的：调查浙江省白血病患儿父母在患儿病程中的主要应对方式,筛选出白血病患儿父母在应对方式上有异常的父母,为护理干预提供依据。方法：用McCubbin的CHIP调查表面对面访谈白血病患儿父母,将调查结果使用SPSS 13.0软件处理。结果：66例患儿父母中有1例父亲和13例母亲在社会支持﹑自尊和稳定（Social Support,Esteem,and Stability,简写S）异常,1例母亲在家庭的完整﹑合作和乐观程度（family Intergration,Cooperation,and Optimism,简写F）异常,最有效应对方式在F方面,而最无效的应对方式是在S方面。结论：浙江省白血病患儿父母应对方式主要采用家庭的支持和合作,与家庭乐观程度有很大关系,而在社会支持方面的应对方式十分欠缺。