主场优势评价研究进展

评价主场优势的方法因不同赛制下比赛数据分布的特点而异.在主客场平衡赛制中,通常使用主场获胜率或者主客场获胜率之差来评定.这些指标也曾用于单项竞赛的非平衡赛制的主场优势评定.但当非平衡赛事的结果受参赛者实力影响较大时,则采用回归分析判断主场优势更为适宜.对奥运会这类综合赛事,则以每届承办国(主场)及其他参赛国(客场)每个项目或项群的奖牌比或得分比为基本指标评价主场优势.     

裁判员对中国男子篮球职业联赛主场优势影响的实证研究

裁判员被认为是主场优势存在的影响因素之一.运用单变量多因素方差分析方法,检验中国男子篮球职业联赛主场优势是否受裁判员的影响.结果发现:中国男子篮球职业联赛存在着主场优势;裁判员的判罚行为受到噪音因素的影响,裁判员是中国男子职业联赛主场优势存在的直接影响因素之一.最后,提出了降低裁判员对联赛主场优势影响的建议.     

冬奥会主场优势影响因素及建议

分析近7届冬奥会主办国和中国体育代表团获得的奖牌数,对奖牌得分进行标准化处理,发现：东道主主场优势明显,非传统冰雪强国作为东道主往往能凭借主场优势取得佳绩;冰上项目比雪上项目更易借助主场优势实现突破。归纳出5种影响冬奥会主场优势的因素,结合中国队优势项目对主场优势进行分析。     

国际综合冬季运动会主办国主场优势与利用——以世界大学生冬季运动会为例

运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等方法,对举办世界大学生冬季运动会的东道主国家的成绩进行统计与分析,研究发现东道主国家均存在主场优势。以第24届世界大学生冬季运动会为例,分析了我国代表团在环境地理、观众、社会文化、赛事组织及裁判因素上的主场优势原因,并对这些因素如何加以利用,以扩大东道主国家政治、经济、文化等方面的影响进行了阐述,以期为将来我国申办及举办大型体育赛事提供理论支撑。     

从2001-2002CBA常规赛技术统计析主场优势

笔者通过对 2 0 0 1- 2 0 0 2CBA常规赛 2 6轮共 15 6场比赛的主、客场技术统计研究发现 :CBA在胜率、得分、投篮次数、命中次数、进攻能力、防守能力、以及在失误次数上存在主场优势 ;引起主场优势的主要因素为 :赛场客观环境 (场地、设施、气候、时差等 )、观众因素、裁判因素、战术运用、比赛动机和自我表现欲望。     

对行程是否影响CBA常规赛主场优势的研究

运用文献资料法、数理统计法，结合中国自然地理等理论和知识，对我国CBA常规赛进行了研究。结果发现：我国CBA常规赛具有明显的主场优势，但行程并不是影响CBA常规赛主场优势的因素。     

对我国男子篮球甲A联赛主场优势现象的研究——以2008-2009赛季为例

以CBA2008-2009赛季各队主客场比赛成绩为研究对象,对主场胜率和客场胜率进行配对样本T检验,发现CBA联赛主场胜率明显高于客场胜率,表明CBA联赛中存在主场优势.对各参赛队主场优势进行聚类分析,把我国男子甲A18支球队划分为高主场优势队、中主场优势队和低主场优势队3个层级.最后综合各队本赛季竞技实力、主场小分差落后场数和主场优势大小确定各队下赛季的参赛目标.     

对全国排球联赛主场致胜因素的研究

根据主场效应已有的研究结果,结合１９９６～１９９７年度全国甲Ａ排球联赛的数据统计,对主场优势进行了研究。结果显示：我国甲Ａ排球联赛存在主场优势,并对致胜有重要影响。提出了引起主场效应的主要因素为：客观环境、队伍水平、竞技状态的调控     

中超联赛主场优势的技术特征与成因

本文采用文献资料法和数理统计法,针对当前研究较少的中超联赛技术层面,通过对2018赛季中超球队的各项数据对其技术特征进行研究,分析形成中超联赛主场优势的影响因素。结论表明:中超联赛确实存在较为明显的主场优势现象(H/AD=21%>5%),对主、客场14项技术指标数据进行独立样本t检验和判别分析,探索出真正影响主场优势的关键技术指标:场均射门次数(SC=0.702)、定位球进球数量(SC=0.584)、点球进球数量(SC=0.416)和场均失球数量(SC=-0.366)。对影响中超联赛中主场优势的重要因素进行定性与定量分析,得出观众、环境、判罚、心理以及旅途是影响主、客场球队技术发挥的主要因素。以期为中超球队如何合理利用其主场优势,以及如何避免对手主场优势的无限放大提供理论参考和借鉴。     

CBA常规赛主场优势客观存在及影响因素的分析

运用数理统计、逻辑分析、文献资料等研究方法对C BA常规赛9个赛季共1186场比赛进行分析。结果表明:C BA常规赛客观存在主场优势,且主场胜率、效果量与国外不同性质的篮球联赛及国内甲A足球联赛相同;裁判、心理差异、场地认知、观众是影响主场优势的主要因素。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

青少年业余足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型初探

根据Scanlan等人最新提出的运动倾向性理论模型,结合我国实际情况建立了青少年足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型。运动倾向性被定义为:渴望和决心继续参加足球运动的心理状态。所建立的5因素结构模型认为,运动倾向性是由运动乐趣、参与选择、个人投入、社会约束及参与机会5个因素决定。经确定5个决定因素和运动倾向性的操作定义,编制了相应调查问卷,通过对北京市252名青少年足球运动员实测结果,建立运动倾向性及其影响因素的协方差结构模型,用Lisre 18分析的结果表明:该运动倾向性模型比较符合北京青少年足球运动员。其中运动乐趣、个人投入、参与机会和参与选择4因素对运动倾向性有影响;社会约束对运动倾向性影响不大。