Excluded girls: interpersonal,institutional and structural violence in schooling

School exclusion and violence are defined with boys as the reference point and relatively little attention is given to the various forms of exclusion—disciplinary exclusion, self‐exclusion and withdrawal from learning—to which girls are subject. Girls in difficulty at school receive less attention than their male peers from policy‐makers, teachers and researchers. They find it more difficult to access resources. The concept of exclusion needs to be expanded to encompass girls’ experiences. This paper explores the policy context in which girls’ exclusion occurs and examines contributory factors, arguing that together they constitute systemic violence. Forms of violence include verbal abuse, psychological violence and the everyday “incivilities” which often go unchallenged in school cultures. The paper draws on research which privileged student voices and considered them alongside those of service providers, to analyse girls’ school experiences, examining violence and exclusion at interpersonal, institutional and structural levels. Issues such as bullying, self‐exclusion, learning difficulties, peer relationships, teacher–student relationships and student pregnancies are considered.     

Two children's anticipations,beliefs, and motivations

This paper discusses the roles played by anticipation, belief, and motivation in two young children's problem solving activity. It is argued that a solver's beliefs and motivations are intimately related. The analysis also identifies an increasingly global hierarchy of anticipations corresponding to specific conceptual structures or problem representations, heuristics, and beliefs. Analogies drawn from the philosophy of science and from the field of artificial intelligence are used to illustrate that the discussion of the two children's behaviors may have some generality.     

Girls,girls, girls: Gender composition and female school choice

Gender segregation in employment may be explained by women's reluctance to choose technical occupations. However, the foundations for career choices are laid much earlier. Educational experts claim that female students are doing better in math and science and are more likely to choose these subjects if they are in single-sex classes. One possible explanation is that coeducational settings reinforce gender stereotypes. In this paper, we identify the causal impact of the gender composition in coeducational classes on the choice of school type for female students. Using natural variation in the gender composition of adjacent cohorts within schools, we show that girls are less likely to choose a traditionally female dominated school type and more likely to choose a male dominated school type at the age of 14 if they were exposed to a higher share of girls in previous grades.     

Boys,girls, and microcomputing

In an attempt better to understand why, on the whole, girls are not very interested in computers, we have tried to investigate social representations of technical interest attributed to one or the other gender in primary and junior-high school. The results of the impressions formation test and those of a survey indicate that primary-school pupils consider boys and girls to be equally involved in technical fields and a girl «computer enthusiast» is perceived as a very atractive person. At the junior-high level, students no longer perceive this equality of gender in technical interests and they judge a girl «computer enthusiast» negatively. Moreover, girls themselves consider that too keen an interest in computers is evidence of loneliness and problems with sexual identity. A boy’s involvement with computers does not change his image, whatever the gender or the age of the subjects. Thus, the influence of the normative model of feminine identity can explain in part the drop in interest for computers observed in secondary-school girls.     

Bright girls,mathematics and fear of success

A review of the relevant literature has identified two important areas of sex differences in the field of mathematics. Not only do considerably more boys than girls perform very well in mathematics, but girls, far more frequently than boys, choose not to take intensive mathematics courses once they are no longer compulsory. A variety of factors are frequently cited to explain such consistent sex differences. This paper reports two studies that examine whether there is a relation between fear of success and sex differences in performance and participation in mathematics courses. The evidence provided highlights the effect of environmental pressures. Possible classroom based intervention programs are discussed.     

青少年违法犯罪的不良情绪动机及其预防

青少年正处在迅猛的发展变化时期,其情绪反应非常强烈,而他们又不太善于控制自己的情绪,这就难免在不良情绪的支配下产生违法犯罪的行为,使其犯罪动机带有强烈的情绪色彩.导致青少年犯罪的不良情绪动机主要有:易怒、冲动、怨恨、嫉妒、冷漠等.有效控制和预防青少年的违法犯罪行为,需要让其掌握调控消极情绪的知识、方法和技巧,提高心理健康水平,要对其加强情感教育,增强其自制力和挫折容忍力.     

Boys into Modern Languages: An investigation of the discrepancy in attitudes and performance between boys and girls in modern languages

It is widely acknowledged that girls outperform boys across the curriculum in the GCSE examinations which are taken at the end of five years' compulsory secondary education. However, the gap in performance between boys and girls in modern languages is very marked and may suggest a need to reassess patterns of teaching and learning. This paper examines the differences in attitudes between boys and girls in modern languages after five years' study in an attempt to give some explanation for the considerable discrepancy in performance. Although previous research findings relating to boys' and girls' attitudes to their studies were confirmed, the significance of teacher personality and classroom practices emerged clearly from pupil interviews with both sexes. The article recognises the changes in the nature of the modern languages curriculum brought about by the introduction of GCSE and the on-going implementation of the National Curriculum, but points to the limitations and frustrations posed by these new agendas. Drawing extensively on pupil interviews, factors are highlighted which significantly affect pupils' perspectives and attitudes towards modern languages, and tentative suggestions are made which could help to improve the performance of both boys and girls in this traditionally 'female' subject.     

Teachers' attributions and beliefs about girls,boys, and mathematics

Thirty-eight first grade teachers were asked to identify their two most and least successful girls and boys in mathematics, to attribute causation of these students' successes and failures, and to describe their characteristics. Teachers' choices of most and least successful students were compared to mathematics test scores of their students. Teachers were most inaccurate when selecting most successful boys. Teachers tended to attribute causation of boys' successes and failures to ability and girls' successes and failures to effort. Teachers thought their best boy students when compared to their best girl students, were more competitive, more logical, more adventurous, volunteered answers more often to mathematics problems, enjoyed math more, and were more independent in mathematics.     

On the relationship between student tastes and motivations,higher education decisions,and annual earnings

We examine the degree to which measures of student tastes and motivations are associated with the outcomes of three important higher education decisions and subsequent annual earnings. Within a sample of nearly 9000 students from the Baccalaureate and Beyond, we find that these measures are correlated with college type, college major, and highest postgraduate degree earned in generally predictable ways. For instance, students claiming it important to be well-off financially are significantly more likely to attend top public universities and major in Business or Engineering while students claiming it important to live near family are significantly less likely to attend top quality private institutions and significantly more likely to major in education.     

Gender,ethnicity, science achievement,and attitudes

Science achievement and attitudes were assessed for a series of students in Grades 3–12 representing the four major ethnic groups in Hawai'i (USA). It was found that more differences were accounted for by ethnicity and even grade than by gender; in addition, there was little interaction between ethnicity and gender. With respect to ethnicity, Caucasian and Japanese-American students outscored Hawaiians and Filipino Americans at all grade levels. Caucasians also expressed the most positive attitudes toward science and Japanese expressed the most positive perceptions of scientists; Hawaiians generally expressed the least positive perceptions. Younger students generally expressed more positive attitudes toward science but less positive perceptions of scientists compared to older students. Caucasians expressed the most positive perceptions of their own science ability and achievement. With respect to gender, there were no consistent differences in science achievement and very few in science attitudes and perceptions. The major differences were that males reported more experiences with physical science activities and also expressed a more male-stereotyped view of science than females, with some variation by ethnicity and grade. There were differences in enrollment in advanced science and mathematics classes in that females were more likely than males to enroll in many, but for both genders the major reason was college admission: Japanese students were most likely and Hawaiians least likely to indicate science interest as a reason. Findings are discussed within the context of cultural ecology and feminist social theory. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

试论物质利益与人际关系和谐

人际关系和谐是社会发展在人际关系方面的一种理想状态,是社会发展的目标之一.物质利益在人际关系中具有不可忽视的作用.物质利益关系是人际关系中的主要关系.促进人际关系和谐,首先需要均衡人们之间的物质利益关系,实现社会的物质利益公平正义;其次,要建立与相对均衡的利益分配格局相一致的、合理的社会成员构成结构;第三,要协调好人民内部之间的矛盾.另外,实现人际关系的和谐,还需要整个社会共同努力.     

汉英缩略词语建构方式及其理据对比研究

本文通过对汉英缩略语的建构方式及其理据等方面的对比研究,认为汉英两种语言都采用缩合和节略两种方式来构成缩略语,也都有由数词加原语之共同部分构成的缩语。但是,它们的构词理据、构成部件及其特点等方面有诸多差异。