对人体支撑反作用力的测试及运动生物力学分析

应用进口Kisder三维测力平台,对人体下蹲、蹬起运动过程中支撑反作用力进行实验测试,以验证运动生物力学中的“失重”、“超重”现象,并对运动生物力学教材中(1)人体产生“失重”和“超重”的原因是由于“惯性力”的作用,(2)“惯性力”能对人体产生反作用力等问题,提出了不同看法。     

序列运动图像采集与解析系统的设计与实现

本文阐述了序列运动图像采集与解析系统的设计与实现原理,详细说明了该系统总体结构及有关算法,提供了一种新的采集、分析序列运动图像的方法。     

人体环节参数最优化算法的探讨

在前人工作的基础上,提出了一种以实测为基础,对人体环节参数进行最优化计算的方法与程序,以更加突现人体环节参数的个体化特征。最优化算法的原则是:目标函数以郑秀瑗数据模型计算值为基础达到最优化,约束条件以实际测量为准则规定决策变量的可行解。     

沙滩排球扣球起跳阶段人体环节运动的生物力学特征

采用运动学手段对沙滩排球上步扣球起跳阶段人体环节的运动特征进行了研究，结果表明：“重心最低”时刻右踝角较小并没有影响人体的整体姿位；右踝角在缓冲阶段屈曲幅度较大，而在蹬伸阶段屈曲幅度较小；髋、膝二关节伸展过早，影响了下肢三关节蹬伸运动的连贯性；起跳时肩关节发力过早影响了上、下肢动作配合的协调性。     

对运动影像解析中若干运动学指标算法的探讨

对运动影像拍摄与解析系统中运动学指标的可能算法进行了讨论，建议在计算（角）速度、（角）加速度等运动学指标时应当尽可能地运用中心差商的算法，在使用运动学指标时应当正确区分关节角和环节角、空间角与投影角两组概念和算法的不同，以使各种不同的解析系统计算出的运动学指标更具有可比性。     

电子式人体重心测量仪的设计及应用

根据运动生物力学关于人体重心测试原理,设计出一种高精度的人体得心测量仪器。该仪器采用传感器和单片机技术,采集、处理、显示数据,使测试人体得心的方法更简便,结果更精确。     

运动生物力学学科发展的几个理论问题

提出并讨论了运动生物力学学科发展的几个基本理论问题:(1)运动生物力学的理论与方法,认为唯一基于牛顿分析数学的方法还不足以建立完整的运动生物力学理论体系;(2)生物力学与运动生物力学,认为生物力学和运动生物力学的发展应该而且可能回答人体运动不服从或不完全服从经典力学规律的过程存在;(3)运动生物力学的内容与任务,认为运动生物力学的基本任务是研究动作结构与运动功能的相互关系和动作技术的优化问题,即动作系的结构重建;(4)运动生物力学的学科体系与教材体系,认为“运动生物力学是研究人体机械运动规律的科学”。的定义是不准确的。     

人体运动三维解析软件对量测精度的影响

通过DLT理论的研究，结合人体运动图像三维解析系统的开发，从理论和实际应用中所出现误差原因的分析，给出实际误差修正的方法，并进一步提出续集和建议，以供实际应用参考和其它设计人员在后继研究设计中借鉴。     

常见运动鞋特性及运动生物力学在制鞋的应用

通过文献资料法总结常用运动鞋性能的一般特性与专项特性,以及运动生物力学在制鞋领域的应用,给运动员在选择合适的运动鞋提供依据,同时为运动鞋设计提供参考依据。     

运动训练对兔胫骨几何形态及生物力学特性的影响

采用CT和计算机图形处理方法观察训练4周后兔胫骨截面的几何形态，电测应变技术观察胫骨中下段的微应变，全骨扭转观察胫骨力学性。主要结果和结论：骨截面的几何形态朝着适应运动的方向发展，胫骨中下段的微应变减小，全骨扭转的结构特性增加，表明胫骨组织经过4周训练后已有良好的再造以适应运动的需要。     

序列运动图像采集与解析系统的系统结构与功能

阐述了序列运动图像采集与解析系统的系统功能和结构，详细给出了系统各功能模块的结构框图，介绍了系统的界面、有关各模块的功能与具体操作。     

Ice hockey skating sprints: run to glide mechanics of high calibre male and female athletes

ABSTRACT

The skating acceleration to maximal speed transition (sprint) is an essential skill that involves substantial lower body strength and effective propulsion technique. Coaches and athletes strive to understand this optimal combination to improve performance and reduce injury risk. Hence, the purpose of this study was to compare body centre of mass and lower body kinematic profiles from static start to maximal speed of high calibre male and female ice hockey players on the ice surface. Overall, male and female skaters showed similar centre of mass trajectories, though magnitudes differed. The key performance difference was the male’s greater peak forward skating speed (8.96 ± 0.44 m/s vs the females’ 8.02 ± 0.36 m/s, p < 0.001), which was strongly correlated to peak leg strength (R ² = 0.81). Males generated greater forward acceleration during the initial accelerative steps, but thereafter, both sexes had similar stride-by-stride accelerations up to maximal speed. In terms of technique, males demonstrated greater hip abduction (p = 0.006) and knee flexion (p = 0.026) from ice contact to push off throughout the trials. For coaches and athletes, these findings underscore the importance of leg strength and widely planted running steps during the initial skating technique to achieve maximal skating speed over a 30 m distance.     

铁人3项运动中人体生理机能变化及对机体的影响

铁人3项运动是由3个有氧运动组合在一起的综合性项目，运动员最大摄氧量高于常人，与游泳选手相近似。运动成绩与最大摄氧量和最大有氧能力有关。运动中的能量来源主要从脂肪代谢获得。由于运动时间长、强度大，运动员易脱水，而且由于大量的出汗带走体内的钠，因此脱水、脱钠是铁人3项比赛中主要的急性运动性疾病，但在补糖补盐时应考虑使用低渗饮料。比赛中同时还要加强降温措施，预防热危害。     

Skating start propulsion: three-dimensional kinematic analysis of elite male and female ice hockey players

The forward skating start is a fundamental skill for male and female ice hockey players. However, performance differences by athlete’s sex cannot be fully explained by physiological variables; hence, other factors such as skating technique warrant examination. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the body movement kinematics of ice hockey skating starts between elite male and female ice hockey participants. Male (n = 9) and female (n = 10) elite ice hockey players performed five forward skating start accelerations. An 18-camera motion capture system placed on the arena ice surface captured full-body kinematics during the first seven skating start steps within 15 meters. Males’ maximum skating speeds were greater than females. Skating technique sex differences were noted: in particular, females presented ~10° lower hip abduction throughout skating stance as well as ~10° greater knee extension at initial ice stance contact, conspicuously followed by a brief cessation in knee extension at the moment of ice contact, not evident in male skaters. Further study is warranted to explain why these skating technique differences exist in relation to factors such as differences in training, equipment, performance level, and anthropometrics.     

应用松井秀治和扎齐奥尔斯基模型所测人体环节质心、重心参数的误差比较研究

采用摄像与录像解析的方法,对原地直体、后体、前屈体动作分别使用松井秀治模型参数和扎齐奥尔斯基模型参数测量分析人体各个环节质心和人体重心坐标值及速度,然后比较分析两种模型测量结果,为评价两种人体模型的差异提供依据,使模型的运用更科学、准确,并对测量的误差给出准确、客观的评价。     

第八套广播体操对人体各部位、关节和肌肉群运动功能的研究

对国家体委颁布的第八套广播体操创编的动作在人体各部位基本动作,主要关节和主要肌肉的运动功能进行了分析研究,为其在全国普及、推广和发展提供科学的理论依据。     

对我国高等体育院校运动人体科学专业若干问题的思考

运动人体科学作为一门全新的专业 ,在其建设与发展中出现了诸多问题 ,如姓体还是姓医问题 ,处方权问题 ,就业分配问题等 ,部分人对此感到困惑或认识有误 ;教材编写与师资培养也与本专业的发展极不协调 ,严重妨碍了本专业的发展。本文就上述问题进行了分析讨论 ,并提出了自己的看法。     

Caution using data from triaxial accelerometers housed in player tracking units during running

Usage of accelerometers within player tracking devices in sport to quantify load, vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) or energy expenditure is contrary to placement guidelines. This study aimed to determine whether trunk-mounted accelerometers were a valid and reliable method to estimate thoracic segment or centre of gravity (COG) acceleration or vGRF, and the whether the elasticised harness contributes to the overestimation of acceleration. Ten male amateur rugby players performed five linear running tasks per lower limb at three speeds, twice, each with a different player tracking unit. Three-dimensional data were recorded and triaxial accelerometers were attached lateral to the device on the harness and skin and both shanks. Accelerometers demonstrated poor reliability (ICC:0.0–0.67), high variability (CV%:14–33%) and change in mean (41–160%), and were not valid to estimate vertical acceleration of the COG and thoracic segment nor vGRF. Caution is advised when utilising trunk-mounted triaxial accelerometer data as it is not a valid or reliable means to estimate peak vertical acceleration for its thoracic location nor whole-body COG acceleration or vGRF during running. To improve player tracking instrument validity and reliability, a new attachment method and/or harness material(s), that reduce or eliminate extraneous acceleration during running, are urgently required.     

人体平衡能力的静态测试

21世纪,人口老龄化问题已成为全球性社会问题,人体平衡能力是老年人体质状况的一个重要检测指标,许多老年疾病如眩晕等都能引起老年人失衡。而老年人平衡功能对预测危险因素、制定干预和康复措施、评价康复和治疗效果、病情病程鉴别诊断具有重要价值。人体重心测试系统就是利用人体重心的变化判断人的平衡能力。     

Kinematic and kinetic analysis of overhand,sidearm and underhand lacrosse shot techniques

Lacrosse requires the coordinated performance of many complex skills. One of these skills is shooting on the opponents’ net using one of three techniques: overhand, sidearm or underhand. The purpose of this study was to (i) determine which technique generated the highest ball velocity and greatest shot accuracy and (ii) identify kinematic and kinetic variables that contribute to a high velocity and high accuracy shot. Twelve elite male lacrosse players participated in this study. Kinematic data were sampled at 250 Hz, while two-dimensional force plates collected ground reaction force data (1000 Hz). Statistical analysis showed significantly greater ball velocity for the sidearm technique than overhand (P < 0.001) and underhand (P < 0.001) techniques. No statistical difference was found for shot accuracy (P > 0.05). Kinematic and kinetic variables were not significantly correlated to shot accuracy or velocity across all shot types; however, when analysed independently, the lead foot horizontal impulse showed a negative correlation with underhand ball velocity (P = 0.042). This study identifies the technique with the highest ball velocity, defines kinematic and kinetic predictors related to ball velocity and provides information to coaches and athletes concerned with improving lacrosse shot performance.