上海市居民休闲体育时空行为特征研究

城市居民休闲体育活动受时间和空间制约,有必要研究城市居民休闲体育活动的时空特征,以考察居民时间和空间需求。主要以问卷调查法针对上海市居民休闲体育活动的时空行为进行调查研究,发现其内在特征和规律。研究结果表明,上海市居民休闲体育活动具有活动空间圈层特征、活动需求差异化特征、出行空间广域化特征、活动时间规律化特征。对上海市规划建设"30min体育生活圈"具有现实性借鉴意义。     

体育活动矫正大学生网络成瘾的研究

针对大学生的特点,将体育活动引入矫正大学生网络成瘾的治疗当中。实验结果表明：体育活动疗法、体育心理相结合疗法与心理辅导疗法均能取得一定疗效,其中体育心理相结合疗法最佳;各种类型体育活动的疗效存在显著差异,群体活动好于单独活动,中等运动量好于小运动量及大运动量。     

运动量和负荷量的区别、联系和应用

从八十年代起,在我国体育课中,开始讲究运动量的要求,不仅在《体育理论》教材中有专节对运动量的论述,而且还有许多专题研究。但是,由于对运动量和负荷量(即身体对运动量的反应量)的概念及相互关系的认识上模糊不清,在实践运用研究中,也就混用不分了。例如:有的文章标题明明写的是运动量,但文章叙述的内容却是负荷量;有的文章标题明明写的是负荷量,而研究的内容恰恰又是运动量,有的从运动量的概念出发对研究负荷量的论文提出异议;有的则从负荷量标准要求出发,对运动量的规定发表不     

上海市居民终身体育社会保障体系的整体构建与设想

本研究界定了终身体育社会保障体系的概念,并对上海市居民终身体育社会保障体系进行了构建,认为终身体育社会保障体系应包括：体制保障、制度保障、人口保障、资源保障和服务保障五个方面的内容。另外本文还分别对终身体育保障体系的建设提出了具体建议,目的在于推进上海市全面小康社会和健康城市的建设;为上海市居民创建科学、文明、健康的城市体育生活环境;帮助上海市居民养成终身体育的习惯,从而提高上海市居民的健康水平。     

绥化市居民休闲体育活动调查与分析

居民休闲体育活动已经成为人们调节自己、缓解压力、调整生活节奏、提高生活质量的生活中的重要组成。运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等研究方法,分析了绥化市居民休闲体育活动的现状及制约因素,并提出了建设休闲体育场馆、整合体育资源、加大绥化市休闲体育宣传力度、鼓励和支持居民参与到全民健身队伍中等发展对策及建议,为绥化市居民休闲体育可持续发展提供理论参考依据。     

内蒙古地区与发达地区城市社区体育发展的比较研究

通过文献资料调研、问卷调查等方法 ,比较内蒙古与发达地区城市社区体育的现状 ,发现内蒙古城市社区体育存在的问题 :社区体育管理体制责任不明 ;社区体育管理者及广大居民对社区体育认识不清、观念陈旧 ;居民主动参与意识差 ,社区体育的宣传力度不够 ;计划性的社区体育活动与日常性的社区体育活动脱节 ;社区体育参与对象呈现不均衡状况 ;社区体育管理者、指导者严重缺乏 ;社区体育的活动经费、场地设施严重短缺     

城市社区体育发展的比较--辽宁省与江苏省两地个案分析

通过问卷调查等方法，比较辽宁省与江苏省城市社区体育的现状，发现辽宁省城市社区体育存在的问题：社区体育管理体制责任不明确；社区体育管理者及广大居民对社区体育认识不清；居民主动参与意识差，社区体育的宣传力度不够；计划性的社区体育活动与日常性的社区体育活动脱节；社区体育管理者、指导者严重缺乏；社区体育的活动经费、场地设施严重短缺。     

广州高校学生体育锻炼与手机依赖的关系分析

运用体育活动等级量表和大学生手机成瘾倾向量表等对广州大学城10所高校共计700名在校大学生进行调查研究,探讨大学生体育锻炼与手机依赖之间的相互关系。结果显示:(1)大学生体育活动等级处于中低等水平,主要表现为体育锻炼的运动强度较小、运动时间较短、运动频率较低、运动量较少;男生体育活动等级明显高于女生,文科生体育活动等级显著低于理科生。(2)大学生手机成瘾倾向处于中等以上水平,手机依赖程度普遍较深;男生手机成瘾倾向显著低于女生,文科生手机成瘾倾向明显高于理科生。(3)大学生体育活动等级与手机成瘾倾向存在显著负相关,不同体育活动等级的手机成瘾倾向及其各维度得分均存在显著差异;从无运动量到中等运动量大学生的手机成瘾倾向呈明显下降趋势,但中等运动量与大运动量之间无明显差异。(4)除突显行为外,人口统计学指标和体育活动等级均能显著预测大学生手机成瘾倾向;其中,性别指标显著正向预测手机成瘾倾向,体育活动等级显著负向预测手机成瘾倾向。研究表明:体育锻炼可以有效减轻高校大学生手机依赖程度,且中等运动量的体育活动能够显著改善大学生手机依赖现象。     

剖析农村中消失的传统体育活动的缘由--以泸州市方山镇农村为例

应用走访调查等方法,对泸州市江阳区方山镇农村体育活动进行统计分析,发现在近30年里,村民间开展的体育活动大量消失。导致体育活动消失的原因有：农民生产生活方式的变化,农村人口结构的改变,青少年儿童学习方式和娱乐方式的变化等。虽然农村原有的体育活动消失是社会发展的一个趋势,但可以通过开办民俗博物馆或主题农家乐开展相关活动,使传统体育活动在新农村建设中达到发展居民运动,增强居民体质的作用。     

苏南小城镇居民体育活动现状的调查与分析

采用问卷调查法和访谈法，对苏南小城镇居民的体育活动现状进行研究。结果发现，苏南地区经济的发达，为居民的体育活动奠定了基础，苏南小城镇居民体育锻炼持续时间仅为10min，文化程序是制约小城镇居民进行体育及健身锻炼的重要因素。     

Visuelle Bewegungskontrolle geführter Kraftübungen bei jungen Erwachsenen und Senioren

In the context of strength training in rehabilitation, visual movement control can be helpful to ensure correct movements. However, there are only a few studies that deal with the effectiveness of feedback during resistance exercises. To investigate the effect of feedback during guided exercise, 18 young adults (28.8?±?5.5 years) and 12 senior citizens (67.9?±?4.1 years) were tested. Subjects performed shoulder press exercises (3 sets, 15 repetitions) with and without visual movement control in a randomized order. On day 1, the subjects trained without load, and on day 2 they trained at 50% of their single repetition maximum. Joint articulation at the elbow was recorded using elbow extension and flexion. Autocorrelation was used to determine the reproducibility of movements. Subjects achieved better reproducibility of the movement with feedback than without (χ²?=?19.73; p?<?0.001). There was no effect of the load on motion accuracy (p?>?0.05), but the age group showed a significant effect (χ²?=?6.00; p?=?0.014). The younger group shows a higher degree of movement accuracy. In summary, visual movement control is useful in guided exercises to control movement execution. In clinical setting, this may be a way to control the motion performance of guided strength exercises and to ensure purposeful muscle work. Further studies should clarify the effect of visual feedback on the movement quality in unguided strength exercises.     

An analysis of the putter face control mechanism in golf putting

The B-matrix method, which systematically analyses the dynamic response of non-symmetric rigid bodies, such as golf putters, is described. The three-dimensional translational and rotational accelerations of the putter face are represented by linear equations of input forces and moments represented in matrix form. The elements of the 6 × 6 B-matrix physically represent the acceleration intensity factors. This method is applied to the analysis of the putter face control mechanism. The input forces and moments are obtained by the inverse dynamics method, whilst special attention is paid to the putter face rotation, i.e. the angular acceleration around the axis of the shaft, $ \dot{w}_{ox} . $ The contribution of input forces and moments on $ \dot{w}_{ox} $ is discussed quantitatively. The results demonstrate that $ \dot{w}_{ox} $ is present even if the input force and moment are applied perpendicularly to the shaft. A cancelling mechanism to correct this motion is discussed based on the B-matrix method.     

The coach–athlete relationship: a motivational model

The aim of this paper is to present a motivational model of the coach–athlete relationship that describes how coaches may influence athletes' motivation. In line with cognitive evaluation theory (Deci and Ryan, 1980 Deci EL Ryan RM 1980 The empirical exploration of intrinsic motivational processes In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 13 (edited by L. Berkowitz) pp. 39–80 New York: Academic Press  [Google Scholar], 1985 Deci EL Ryan RM 1985 Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior New York: Plenum Press [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) and the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Vallerand, 1997 Vallerand RJ 1997 Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 29 271 360  [Google Scholar], 2000 Vallerand RJ 2000 Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory: a view from the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Psychological Inquiry 11 312 318  [Google Scholar]), a motivational sequence is proposed where coaches' personal orientation towards coaching, the context within which they operate, and their perceptions of their athletes' behaviour and motivation influence coaches' behaviours. Also, coaches' behaviours in the form of autonomy-supportive behaviours, provision of structure and involvement have a beneficial impact on athletes' needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness, which, in turn, nurture athletes' intrinsic motivation and self-determined types of extrinsic motivation. Here, we first review coaches' autonomy-supportive behaviours. We then describe the psychological processes through which coaching behaviours have a positive influence on athletes' intrinsic and self-determined extrinsic motivation. Finally, we identify social and personality processes that determine coaching behaviours.     

Stair self-efficacy questionnaire to test the ability of stair negotiation for older people

Background

Older adults face different challenges that affect their daily living. One of the most challenging and hazardous activities of everyday living, especially in the elderly, is stair climbing. Therefore the ability of stair climbing is inter alia used as an indicator for physical fitness and an independent life without the need of support. But until now there has not been an alternative to test the stair climbing ability than to actually climb stairs by using the stair up and down test. Therefore, this study evaluates a self-efficacy questionnaire as a complementing instrument to predict stair climbing abilities.

Methods

A new instrument has been developed for German-speaking countries to assess the role of stair self-efficacy for older people (SSE). The instrument, based on the questionnaire from Hamel and Cavanagh (2004), assesses stair self-efficacy during the performance of 10 different staircase management situations and gathers information about participation in these staircase situations. Reliability and construct validity of the questionnaire were tested with a sample of 121 older adults who completed the SSE questionnaire and the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC-D) scale. As an additional validity check, 90 participants performed stair climbing in a physical test.

Results

Statistical analysis via a factor analysis showed that the SSE questionnaire is one-dimensional. In addition, reliability was tested by using Cronbach’s alpha and the split-half method via Spearman–Brown to calculate the internal consistency. Both methods yielded adequate results and furthermore the reliability was established via the results of the test–retest reliability. Validity was tested by the parallel testing, using the Pearson correlation between the SSE score and ABC scale, as well as physical testing.

Conclusions

Taken together, the SSE questionnaire offers the possibility to evaluate stair climbing performance without the need for physical performance. This questionnaire is especially helpful because the participants do not need to become physically stressed and exposed to the risk of falling before they are confident enough to climb stairs.

     

Football practice with youth players in the “Footbonaut”

In today’s leading football training centres, state-of-the-art performance diagnostic systems such as the “Footbonaut” allow controlled and standardized assessments of physical and mental components of agility, e.g. speed of action and ball control, that are considered to be decisive for talent identification and development. However, effects of induced physical and mental strain on performing football-specific practice patterns remain to be elucidated, particularly in youth players, and, thus, characterize the purpose of this study. 33 randomly assigned competitive football players (U14 to U16) performed a standardized Footbonaut practice pattern (i.e. 20 balls randomly drawn at 50?km/h each), prior to and immediately after either mentally demanding tasks (MDT; n?=?11; continuous Vienna Test System’s Stroop task and determination test), physically demanding tasks (PDT; n?=?11; consisted of 4?×?4?min of football-specific high-intensity intervals with 3?min of active recovery in between) or a control condition (CON; n?=?11). Continuous heart rates (HR) as well as self-perceptions of fatigue were assessed. Main findings revealed performances for speed of action (p?=?0.44; f?=?0.01) and ball control (p?=?0.15; f?=?0.03) that were not modulated in the face of induced physical and mental strain as indicated by increased HR following PDT (p?<?0.001; d?>?0.8), or in the face of increased self-perceptions of fatigue following PDT and MDT (both p?<?0.001; both d?>?0.8) compared to CON. This is in line with a suggested talent factor and previous reports on motivational trade-off aspects in youth players. However, the present study’s short-timed practice patterns make it difficult to reliably compare a measuring sensitivity to complex football-specific movement behavioural and technical proficiencies with respect to mental and physical strain of longer-lasting football games and, thus, need further investigation in favour of improving talent identification and development using the Footbonaut.     

Recent developments in competitive anxiety direction and competition stress research

The area of competitive anxiety continues to be extensively researched with considerable attention focused on the notion of ‘direction’. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate how the study of direction has advanced our understanding of the competitive anxiety response through providing an overview of the existing research, and emphasizing why sport psychologists investigated the underlying mechanisms of performers’ facilitative interpretations of anxiety symptoms. Finally, we discuss how direction has been integrated into Lazarus (1990 Lazarus, R.S. 1990. Theory-based stress measurement. Psychological Inquiry, 1: 3–13. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], 1991a Lazarus, R.S. 1991a. Emotion and adaptation, New York: Oxford University Press.  [Google Scholar]); Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) transactional perspective of stress, and how this may be used to inform future research into the broader area of competition stress.