基于政策工具视角的青海省科技创新政策评估研究

供给面、需求面、环境面三类政策工具共同构成完整的科技创新政策体系。文章基于三大政策工具视角构建科技创新政策评估指标体系,评估青海省的科技创新政策效果。研究结果显示：三大政策工具中,需求面政策效果最好,环境面政策效果次之,供给面政策效果最差;供给面政策工具中,资金供给类政策效果优于人才供给类政策效果,人才短缺制约了供给面政策工具的效果;需求面政策工具效果整体较好,对外贸易开放度和产业结构制约了需求政策工具的效果;环境面政策工具中,金融支持政策效果最好,教育培训政策效果较差,环境规制效果最差。     

科学、技术、创新政策的涵义界定与比较研究

目前我国学术界对科学、技术、创新政策的研究主要是从四方面展开的:一是科技政策和创新政策的一般理论研究,二是各项具体政策的实证研究,三是各国政策的比较研究[1],四是政策的评估研究。然而对于科学、技术、创新政策的内涵、区别和实证研究却较少。在系统地阐述了三种政策内涵的基础上,综合国内外学者的观点,剖析科学、技术、创新政策的区别和内在机制,为科学、技术、创新政策制定者提供科学依据。     

科技创新政策体系框架研究

当前科技创新政策呈体系化发展,已逐渐成为独立的政策部类。研究提出科技创新政策体系框架并推动形成共识,是支撑政策研究和政策实践的理论基础,也是推动政策制定、交流、评价和实施的保障。本文基于理论分析和对比研究,在公共政策范畴中,围绕研发系统和技术经济系统厘清科技创新政策体系的范畴及与其他经济社会政策的关联;并探讨从政策分析、政策制定、政策执行、政策目标四视角提出了科技创新政策体系框架结构,（1）从政策分析视角,按照政策类型分为强制性政策、宏观战略和落地实施政策;（2）从政策制定视角,按照政策工具类型分为供给面、需求面和环境面政策;（3）从政策执行视角,按照创新主体类型分为政府、企业、公共研发机构等类型政策;（4）从政策目标视角,按照价值导向分为经济目标和社会目标导向政策。     

政策组合视角下的区域创新政策分析——以东北地区为例

基于政策组合视角,从政策目的、政策领域、政策工具、政策主体、空间地理、时间六个维度构建了区域创新政策分析框架,结合内容分析法,以153项国家层面东北地区区域创新政策为研究对象,对其进行具体分析发现:东北地区的区域创新政策以单一政策主体为主,跨部门联合主体较少;五类政策工具的运用较为均衡,但供给面和评估面政策力度较小;区域开放政策是东北地区的重要手段和特色。进而提出了对应的建议。     

政府支持企业科技创新市场主导型政策构建研究——基于“市场需求—能力供给—环境制度”结构框架

在我国步入全面深化科技体制改革背景下,科技创新政策是政府推动企业科技创新最为重要的杠杆工具,健全市场导向型创新政策体系已成为我国落实创新驱动发展战略的内在需求和重要任务。在比较政府支持企业科技创新市场主导型与政府主导型创新政策的模式及特征基础上,构建政府支持企业科技创新的"市场需求—能力供给—环境制度"结构框架,提出政府支持企业科技创新市场主导型政策构建思路,从"需求面"、"供给面"和"环境面"分析广东省近年来的市场化改革创新实践,提出具体的改革举措,为我国创新体系政策调整提供理论支撑和决策参考。     

民营企业技术创新政策工具的重要性评价研究

政策工具在民营企业技术创新全过程中发挥关键作用。本文从企业获得感出发,通过248家民营企业的问卷调查,研究技术创新政策工具对民营企业创新发展的重要性。研究发现,从政策工具分类来看,环境面政策工具、需求面政策工具对民营企业创新发展重要性高于供给面政策工具;从政策类别来看,人才供给、营商环境类别政策的重要性最高;从政策内容来看,人才、资金政策在供给面政策工具中的重要性最高,营商环境政策在环境面政策工具中的重要性最高,市场开拓政策在需求面政策工具中的重要性最高。最后提出三点建议,包括从企业获得感出发提升技术创新政策工具的精准性、发挥技术创新政策工具动力作用推动企业转型升级、注重培育优越的创新发展环境等。     

美国奥巴马政府供给面科技创新政策研究

根据Rothwell和Zegveld等国内外学者的研究,供给面科技创新政策工具主要包括科技创新资金投入、人才培养引进、重大科技基础设施(包括信息基础设施)、技术研发供给、科技创新创业服务等方面的政策。本文分析了奥巴马政府制定实施的供给面科技创新政策措施及其主要特点,并提出了借鉴美国经验完善我国供给面科技创新政策的若干对策建议。     

基于政策工具视角的中国集成电路创新政策演化研究

集成电路创新水平对于我国未来科技发展、国民经济和国家安全有着重要的影响,而集成电路创新政策则是推动我国集成电路创新能力的指挥棒。本文基于我国在1987—2020年间所出台的123份国家级集成电路的政策文件,利用内容分析法和政策工具理论对政策文本内容进行编码和内容分析,研究得到政策数量不断增加、结构不断完善的演化趋势,其中具体政策工具的使用以环境面政策为主;发现目标规划政策对政策整体数量和结构有着决定性影响。最后,本文以加强市场管理和加大自主创新两个方面从政策工具角度为我国未来集成电路产业创新政策的设计提供了方向和建议。     

创新政策如何推动我国新能源汽车产业的发展——基于政策工具与创新价值链的政策文本分析

政府创新政策是推动新兴产业发展的重要驱动力。从政策工具和创新价值链这两大维度对与中国新能源汽车产业相关的37项中央政策文本进行了内容分析。研究结果表明:三类政策工具中,环境面政策工具的使用最为频繁;随着产业发展,政策工具的使用呈现出从供给面到环境面再到需求面的不断完善;中央政策着重从研发和市场推广这两端刺激新兴产业发展,而对产业化的推动有限;12项政策工具和创新价值链的四个环节间有不同的相关关系。该研究综合考察了创新政策的手段和目的,提出了操作性的政策分析框架,探讨了创新政策如何推动新兴产业发展与对策建议。     

创新型企业成长政策研究

创新在经济和社会变迁中起着重要作用,是驱动经济增长的根本力量.我国在走出一条具有中国特色的自主创新道路、建设创新型国家的过程中,必须有一批创新型企业作为支撑.从创新型企业成长生命周期、促进企业创新的重点政策工具评价与分析以及政策作用面理论三个角度,对促进创新型企业成长的相关政策进行效果分析与评价,提出以企业成长为导向的创新政策建议,以期增强企业创新成长的内外动力,推进企业内部创新体系建设,提升企业自主创新能力.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.