知识溢出空间扩散过程的实证检验——以追踪一类专利扩散为线索

通过对1985-2008年一类授权专利在中国三大城市群内地理扩散过程的描述,发现地理距离对知识溢出空间衰减的影响并不稳健,呈现出明显的区域差异.进一步按照空间计量经济学要求选择地理质心并引入地理距离,实证检验知识溢出的空间扩散过程.研究发现,空间知识溢出不仅受地理距离影响,还因知识缺口大小、吸收能力差异而呈现不同的扩散过程,在控制吸收能力影响后,地理距离对空间知识溢出的影响不再显著.提升区域吸收能力、缩小知识缺口将明显阻尼知识溢出的空间衰减.     

制度环境对工业绿色创新的空间效应研究

   绿色创新双外部性特征决定了制度环境是激励绿色创新开展的基本保障。本文基于我国2005—2015年30个省级单位的面板数据,利用动态空间杜宾模型从直接影响和空间溢出效应两个方面研究制度环境对工业绿色创新的空间效应。结果表明：环境管制制度环境对工业绿色创新有显著的促进作用和正向空间溢出效应。在市场制度环境中,教育扶持、非国有化水平对工业绿色创新有显著的促进作用和正向空间溢出效应,而科技扶持和金融支持对工业绿色创新均有一定程度的抑制作用;对外开放度对工业绿色创新的正向空间溢出效应显著。法律制度环境对工业绿色创新有显著的促进作用和正向空间溢出效应。在此基础上,为考察不同地理区位条件下制度环境对工业绿色创新的影响,进一步将全国分为一带一路地区和非一带一路地区进行深入研究。     

技术体制对FDI溢出效应的影响:基于中国制造业的计量分析

本文从技术体制这个新的视角,分析了影响FDI行业内溢出效应以及FDI技术扩散的因素。基于对我国28个制造行业1999年到2002年面板数据的计量统计分析,得到结论:对于FDI总的溢出效应,行业技术机会越少、知识基础越倾向于应用科学、行业的技术轨道流动性越弱,FDI溢出效应越容易发挥;当地企业的吸收能力对FDI溢出具有明显的促进作用;创新独占性和外部知识可获得性对FDI溢出效应的影响在本文的统计结果中并不显著。而技术体制对FDI技术扩散的作用则略有不同:技术机会、创新独占性和技术轨道流动性的反向作用在统计结果中十分显著,其他技术体制因素对FDI技术扩散的影响在本文的统计分析中没有得到体现。这一结论对我国的引资和我国本土企业的技术追赶具有重要意义。     

基于空间相关视角的知识溢出对区域创新绩效的影响研究——以省际数据为样本

本文利用2004—2013年中国30个省区的面板数据,运用引力模型测度知识溢出,在空间相关视角下构建基于不同权重矩阵的空间计量模型,实证考察知识溢出对区域创新绩效的影响.研究结果显示,十年期间各地区域创新绩效和知识溢出水平显著提高,但中西部地区与东部地区之间的差距仍然存在;在不同空间因素作用下,知识溢出均对区域创新绩效产生显著正向影响,地理距离和社会距离都是影响知识溢出效应的重要因素,其中地理距离的作用更强;地区基础设施建设水平和地区人力资本水平对区域创新绩效具有显著正向影响,而地区对外开放水平的影响显著为负.     

基于空间相关的区域创新系统间知识溢出效应研究

应用2004-2013年中国30个省级行政区数据,从空间相关的视角对区域创新系统间知识溢出效应作出评价;在测度区域知识溢出效应指数基础上,将知识溢出效应纳入空间计量模型,从地理特征出发构建空间权重矩阵,评价区域创新系统间知识溢出效应.研究发现,各区域创新系统间知识溢出存在明显的空间相关性,呈现“东高西低”的非均衡分布;R&D投入对知识溢出效应具有正向影响,劳动力流动、国外技术引进水平、技术市场成交水平以及受教育水平通过了显著性检验,且均对知识溢出效应产生正向影响,其中受教育水平对知识溢出影响更大.     

基于空间相关的区域创新系统间知识溢出效应评价

应用2004—2013年中国30个省级行政区数据,从空间相关的视角对区域创新系统间知识溢出效应作出评价;在测度区域知识溢出效应指数基础上,将知识溢出效应纳入空间计量模型,从地理特征出发构建空间权重矩阵,评价区域创新系统间知识溢出效应。研究发现,各区域创新系统间知识溢出存在明显的空间相关性,呈现"东高西低"的非均衡分布;RD投入对知识溢出效应具有正向影响,劳动力流动、国外技术引进水平、技术市场成交水平以及受教育水平通过了显著性检验,且均对知识溢出效应产生正向影响,其中受教育水平对知识溢出影响更大。     

供给侧改革视阈下中国制造业的知识溢出效应

中国通过供给侧改革从生产端推动产业结构优化,制造业面临转型升级。中国制造向中国"智造"的转变,需要更多高级生产要素的支撑,离不开知识的积淀。知识溢出效应是知识的扩散和再造,与增长关系密切。知识溢出效应与制造业升级具有内在联系,不同制造业升级类型下的知识溢出来源不同。制造业的知识溢出效应在生产过程中产生,且制造业增长具有空间正自相关性,故在修正后对数形式的柯布-道格拉斯生产函数的基础上,考虑中国东中西部地区差异和制度供给因素,构建动态空间计量模型。实证分析结果表明,2010-2014年:政府制度供给及传统生产要素中的劳动力和资本对制造业增长有非常显著的促进作用;东部知识溢出效应不显著;中部显著为正的Poter外溢性的作用小于MAR外溢性,中部知识溢出专业化的影响力大于竞争性;在三种知识溢出指标中,Jacobs外溢性的系数最小,显著性最弱,故制造业生产的专业化比环境的多样化更有益。     

知识溢出效应及其经济学解释

知识溢出和知识传播都是知识扩散的方式。知识传播是知识的复制,而知识溢出则是知识的再造。知识溢出过程具有链锁效应、模仿效应、交流效应、竞争效应、带动效应、激励效应。新经济增长理论和新贸易理论都认为,知识溢出和经济增长有密切的联系。     

地理临近对企业知识搜索效果的影响研究——基于结构洞理论视角

从结构洞理论的视角出发,提出地理临近对企业知识搜索效果的影响机制模型。通过对长三角地区制造业企业的实证研究发现:组织与其合作伙伴之间的地理临近性与知识搜索效果之间存在倒U型曲线关系;地理临近性和知识搜索效果之间的关系还受到结构洞的调节,地理临近性对知识搜索的负向效应在结构洞较多的情况下更明显,而地理临近性对知识搜索的正向效应则在结构洞较少情况下更为明显。     

我国7个产业的产业间R&D溢出效应纵向比较分析

RD溢出是指由于知识的非独占性,导致知识扩散到其他企业,竞争者在不花费或较少花费成本的情况下,促进了其技术水平的提高。RD溢出体现为某个国家或地区间同一产业的溢出,或某空间内不同产业的产业间溢出两种形式。而产业层次RD溢出效应的研究一直被关注。应用基于投入产出的产业间RD溢出效应计算方法,计算了我国1997、1999、2000、2002、2005年的7个产业的产业间RD溢出效应,比较分析了同产业不同时间溢出效应的变化。有助于更好地了解产业间RD溢出的现状和产业结构变动的特点,对制定相应的产业发展、RD投入税收政策具有重要的现实意义。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.