不同位置辐射板的供冷性能分析

分析了辐射板布置位置对供冷性能的影响,建立了一种对流与辐射耦合的CFD模拟模型.通过模拟计算,得到不同辐射板位置和室内热源状况下辐射板供冷能力及室内热环境的分布状况;该模拟结果与真实平台实验结果基本吻合.模拟结果表明：当室内热源温度较低时,对流换热量为主导因素,因此应将辐射板放置于侧墙或天花板处;当室内热源温度较高时,辐射板与热源的辐射换热量增大,辐射换热量为主导因素,因此应将辐射板布置在靠近高温热源的位置.     

基于CFD的太阳能光伏方阵间距优化

在统一其他变量不变的条件下,研究了太阳能光伏阵列的排布方式对光伏板温度的影响。以徐州地区某光伏电站为原型,采用数值模拟的方法,建立单块光伏组件在空气流场中的模型并进行模拟,使用统计学的方法对实验值与模拟值进行比较,验证了模型的准确性。对光伏单板和光伏阵列进行数值分析,发现背风侧"死水区"形成较大的涡流,旋涡大小随着风向逐渐减小。改变光伏板前后间距及左右间距进行优化,在徐州地区,建议使用5.4 m的前后板间距、1.6 m的左右板间距作为设计参考值。     

渤海曹妃甸LNG码头布置的潮流数值模拟(英文)

为了在大范围数学模型中合理有效地模拟码头桩基等小尺度建筑物附近的潮流场,采用非结构网格建立了渤海二维有限元潮流数学模型.在面积达85 700 km2的模型范围中将码头桩基概化为面积约20-30 m2的不透水单元,用于直接模拟桩基附近的复杂潮流场.在此基础上,对渤海曹妃甸海域10万吨级LNG(液化天然气)码头布置的走向进行了优化.结果表明:数学模型模拟的潮位和流速等水动力特征与实测结果一致,LNG码头布置的优化结果合理可信.表明建立的能够直接模拟小尺度建筑物的渤海二维有限元数学模型可应用于码头工程布置及优化的潮流场模拟研究.     

根式基础透明土模型与数值模拟受力特性

为研究根式基础在电塔基础上的受力特性,采用透明土与粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry, PIV)技术,分析3种根式基础受上拔、水平荷载时的荷载-位移(Q-s)关系曲线,以及极限荷载条件下透明土的位移矢量变化,通过数值模拟探究不同根键长度对基础承载力的影响。结果表明：相同工况下,单层根式基础竖向抗拔承载性高于双层根式基础,但单层根式基础抗水平承载性低于双层根式基础。根键竖向间距为0.02 m双层根式基础位移矢量图显示,位移较大区域符合经典摩尔-库仑理论中的剪切破坏理论。数值模拟结果显示,双层根键竖向布置间距范围为0.83～1.25倍基础直径、根键长度为0.6 m时,抗拔承载性能较优。     

600 MW超临界机组回热加热器动态模型

以实现回热加热器动态模拟为目的,建立600 MW超临界机组回热加热器动态模型。该模型依据直流锅炉回热加热器结构与全负荷情况下直流锅炉600 MW超临界机组参数,建立由回热加热器集总参数模型、过热区模型和蒸发区模型组成的超临界机组回热加热器分段动态模型,利用该模型实现回热加热器动态模拟。实验结果表明：该模型计算回热加热器过热区温度与仿真软件模拟数值完全相同,具备较高的可靠性。当直流锅炉开度增加时,其回热加热器过热区和蒸发区的主蒸汽流量和主蒸汽温度均呈现上升趋势;当直流锅炉负荷下降时,其回热加热器蒸发区水冷壁流量受省煤器和水冷壁阻力系数影响呈现波动趋势。     

热泵驱动的三级溶液深度除湿机组的性能分析

设计了一种热泵驱动的溴化锂溶液深度除湿机组,该机组适用于无回风可利用、低湿度需求的场合.机组的性能测试结果显示,当室外温度为28～31℃,含湿量为11～14g/kg时,机组的送风温度为1.6～2.6℃,含湿量为2.6～3.0g/kg,系统COP为1.8.测试时发现了一个造成冷热溶液混合损失的管路链接问题,并对其进行修改.然后,对修改后的新机组进行了性能测试,结果显示,在室外温度为25～32℃,含湿量为18～21g/kg时,机组的送风温度为3.2～4.0℃,含湿量为3.4～3.6g/kg,系统COP为2.8.最后,对机组建立数学模型,并将模拟结果与实测数据进行比较,结果表明管路改动使机组性能提升约20%.     

微流控技术在石油工程流体流变性测试中的应用

借助微流控技术和数值模拟,设计了一套通过观测流体流场确定流体流变性的实验体系。实验结果表明:实际流场分布与模拟结果基本吻合,所测得的平均流速为74.84μm/s,和实验设定75μm/s接近,且计算所得的动力黏度值与参考值相符;所测油品在不同温度下的流场皆与模拟曲线相吻合,说明该实验测定流体黏度精确度高;得到了较大温度范围内流变性的定量变化规律,所测油品皆在低于300K时油品的动力黏度随温度降低呈指数性增长。该方法简单可行、准确度高,适用于相关学科的本科教学实验。     

基于归一化方法的风电机组参数的确定

基于归一化方法,将风电机组平均输出功率和额定风速转化为无量纲,建立了容量系数和归一化功率关于归一化额定风速的数学模型,并且提出以风速与机组匹配指数最大为目标的机组参数确定方法.通过工程算例验证了该方法是合理可行的,对其他风电场机组优化选型提供了理论依据.     

小麦胚芽复合营养粉配方及工艺研究

以小麦胚芽、大米和奶粉为主要原料,通过配方及喷雾干燥工艺研究,得出了产品的基本配方为:小麦胚芽为200 g,大米为200 g,奶粉为100 g;经分析,喷雾干燥工艺参数对产品冲调性有较大影响,当进风温度为180 ℃,喷雾压力为1.0 MPa,物料浓度为30%时,所制得的产品具有良好的感官品质及冲调性能.     

少量管冻结稳态温度场数学模型（英文）

目的:少量任意布置冻结管冻结的稳态温度场无解析解。建立任意布置少量管冻结稳态温度场模型,获得解析解,解决人工冻结温度场理论问题。创新点:1.基于势函数叠加原理,确立人工地层冻结中少量管冻结稳态温度场的通用求解方法;2.建立任意布置的3根和4根非等温冻结管下冻结稳态温度场数学模型,获得其解析解通解及特解。方法:1.通过理论分析,将冻结管简化为热汇点源,确定人工地层冻结热势的拉普拉斯方程表述;2.应用势函数叠加原理建立少量管冻结稳态温度场的通用求解方法;3.建立少量管冻结稳态温度场的数学模型,通过理论推导获得温度场解析解;4.通过数值模拟,验证所提方法、数学模型和解析解的正确性和准确性。结论:1.将冻结管简化为点源(热汇),其冻结形成的热势场服从拉普拉斯方程,其解即为热势函数;2.多根冻结管冻结时,将单根冻结管的热势函数叠加,由冻结管的位置决定每根冻结管的热流,再根据边界条件定解。这一方法(即势函数叠加法)可以用于任意布置冻结管冻结稳态温度场解析解的求解;3.将冻结管简化为点源导致获得的解析解存在一定的误差,但误差仅发生在冻结管附近极小的范围内,并且误差微小,完全满足工程上的精度要求。     

Computational fluid dynamics simulation of formaldehyde emission characteristics and its experimental validation in environment chamber

We investigated the effect of supply air rate and temperature on formaldehyde emission characteristics in an environment chamber. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics （CFD） chamber model for simulating formaldehyde emission in twelve different cases was developed for obtaining formaldehyde concentration by the area-weighted average method. Laboratory experiments were conducted in an environment chamber to validate the simulation results of twelve different cases and the formaldehyde concentration was measured by continuous sampling. The results show that there was good agreement between the model prediction and the experimental values within 4.3% difference for each case. The CFD simulation results varied in the range from 0.21 mg/m3 to 0.94 mg/m3, and the measuring results in the range from 0.17 mg/m3 to 0.87 mg/m3. The variation trend of formaldehyde concentration with supply air rate and temperature variation for CFD simulation and experiment measuring was consistent. With the existence of steady formaldehyde emission sources, formaldehyde concentration generally increased with the increase of temperature, and it decreased with the increase of air supply rate. We also provided some reasonable suggestions to reduce formaldehyde concentration and to improve indoor air quality for newly decorated rooms.     

Numerical simulation of a direct internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell using computational fluid dynamics methodas

A detailed mathematical model of a direct internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell (DIR-SOFC) incorporating with simulation of chemical and physical processes in the fuel cell is presented. The model is developed based on the reforming and electrochemical reaction mechanisms, mass and energy conservation, and heat transfer. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is used for solving the complicated multiple partial differential equations (PDEs) to obtain the numerical approximations.The resulting distributions of chemical species concentrations, temperature and current density in a cross-flow DIR-SOFC are given and analyzed in detail. Further, the influence between distributions of chemical species concentrations, temperature and current density during the simulation is illustrated and discussed. The heat and mass transfer, and the kinetics of reforming and electrochemical reactions have significant effects on the parameter distributions within the cell. The results show the particularchar acteristics of the DIR-SOFC among fuel cells, and can aid in stack design and control.     

高大空间建筑夏季喷口送风系统的吹风感分布

为了研究高大空间建筑喷口送风系统的吹风感分布,在大空间实验室中进行了夏季工况的实验测试,得到了喷口高度为4m时人体活动区域温度场、速度场和吹风感的分布.然后,采用计算流体力学的方法对实验工况进行模拟计算.将室内垂直温度和冷吹风感分布的计算结果和实测数据进行对比验证,结果显示吻合良好.在此基础上进行了不同喷口高度处工况的模拟计算,通过分析3个工况下人体活动区域的吹风感和温度,获得了较理想的送风工况.模拟结果显示,喷口高度为5m时吹风感分布较为理想,温度场和速度场较为均匀.     

主流区风口模型在室内气流CFD模拟中的应用

分析了4类风口模型（即基本模型、盒子模型、N点动量模型、主流区风口模型）在计算流体动力学中的应用以及在实际工程案例中的运行情况.在环境舱内进行了足尺实验,利用全方位热风速表测量了环境舱内的气流速度和温度场,并与4类风口模型的模拟结果进行比较.结果表明：基本模型与盒子模型并不适用于结构复杂的送风口模拟;基于N点动量模型和主流区风口模型的流体速度在工作区的模拟值与实测值的相对误差小于20%;在主流区风口模型中,送风口附近的气体速度模拟值与实测值的最大相对误差小于15%.证明主流区风口模型相对于其他3类风口模型而言,对于结构复杂的送风口模拟更准确,应用性更强.     

Numerical simulation of a direct internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell using computational fluid dynamics method

A detailed mathematical model of a direct internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell （DIR-SOFC） incorporating with simulation of chemical and physical processes in the fuel cell is presented. The model is developed based on the reforming and electrochemical reaction mechanisms, mass and energy conservation, and heat transfer. A computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method is used for solving the complicated multiple partial differential equations （PDEs） to obtain the numerical approximations. The resulting distributions of chemical species concentrations, temperature and current density in a cross-flow DIR-SOFC are given and analyzed in detail. Further, the influence between distributions of chemical species concentrations, temperature and current density during the simulation is illustrated and discussed. The heat and mass transfer, and the kinetics of reforming and electrochemical reactions have significant effects on the parameter distributions within the cell. The results show the particular characteristics of the DIR-SOFC among fuel cells, and can aid in stack design and control.     

CFD数值模拟在调节阀中的试验分析

综述了CFD数值模拟在调节阀中的应用,对某一广泛应用的套筒型调节阀应用三维建模软件内部流场建立模型,通过前处理器生成计算网格,应用CFD软件中的k-ε模型进行求解,得到调节阀内部流场的压力和速度的可视化图形。     

Computational fluid dynamic simulation of an inter-phasing pulse tube cooler

An inter-phasing pulse tube cooler （IPPTC） consists of two pulse tube units, which are connected to each other at hot ends of the pulse tubes through a needle valve. This paper presents the computational fluid dynamic （CFD） results of an IPPTC using a 2D axis-symmetrical model. General results such as the phase difference between pressure and velocity at cold end and hot end, the temperature profiles along the wall, the available lowest temperature as well as its oscillations and the coefficient of performance （COP） for IPPTC are presented. The formation of DC flow and its effects on the performance of the cooler are investigated and analyzed in detail. Turbulence, which is partially responsible for the poor overall performance of a single orifice pulse tube cooler （OPTC）, is found to be much reduced in IPPTC and its performance is improved significantly compared with the single OPTC.     

Thermal optimization of a totally enclosed forced ventilated permanentmagnet traction motor using lumped parameter and partial computational fluid dynamics modeling

In this study, we present a thermal optimization method using the overall lumped parameter (LP) and partial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling for a 600-kW permanent magnet traction motor developed for high-speed trains. The motor is totally enclosed forced ventilated to achieve high power density, high efficiency, and low maintenance requirements. Considering the electro-magnetic performance, bogie space, and thermal capacity, we propose a ventilation structure with zigzag plates in sector cross-section. We focus particularly on the ventilation channels and propose an overall LP model for thermal optimization, in which the full consideration of the influence of turbulent flow is given by using a partial CFD model. Given the specific critical parameters from the optimization results, we present a complete 3D CFD model of the whole motor to obtain an accurate temperature distribution and the maximum temperature rises in local points. The benefit of zigzag plates is studied extensively using both the LP and the complete CFD models and the results are verified by equivalent thermal experiments under rated operations. Experimental results indicate that the ventilation structure fulfills the normal operational demands of high-speed trains by improving thermal performance by more than 15%. Additionally, we propose an engineering method to estimate iron loss constraint with the complete CFD model to guide the control system design.     

微通道中甲醇蒸汽重整反应过程的LBM模拟

采用格子-Boltzmann方法对平行平板间甲醇水蒸气重整反应过程进行模拟,其中包括反应、对流、扩散。模拟中假设化学反应对流场没有影响,流场、温度场和组分场可分别利用演化方程进行求解,利用多尺度技术可分别将演化方程回归到对应的宏观方程。在低Ma的条件下格子-Boltzmann方法模拟的结果与传统Navier-Stokes方程数值计算结果进行对比,吻合得较好,证明了格子-Boltzmann方法的可靠性。     

Use of bionic inspired surfaces for aerodynamic drag reduction on motor vehicle body panels

Inspired by the successful applications of biological non-smoothness, we introduced bionic non-smooth surfaces as appendices into vehicle body design, aiming to further reduce aerodynamic drag. The size range of the non-smooth units with pits and grooves was determined according to our analysis with the mechanisms underlying non-smooth unit mediated aerodynamic drag reduction. The bionic non-smooth units reported here were designed to adapt the structure of a given vehicle body from the point of boundary layer control that reduces the burst and the loss of turbulent kinetic energy. The engine cover lid and vehicle body cap were individually treated with the non-smooth units, and the treated vehicles were subjected to aerodynamic drag coefficient simulation tests using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis method. The simulation results showed that, in comparison with smooth surfaces, properly designed non-smooth surfaces can have greater effects on drag reduction. The mechanism underlying drag reduction mediated by non-smooth surfaces was revealed by further analyses, in which the effects of non-smooth and smooth surfaces were directly compared.