The effect of network size on intra-network knowledge processes

This paper addresses a neglected topic in the knowledge management literature: how the size of a network of actors affects the nature of intra-network social relations and knowledge processes. It makes a theoretical contribution to developing understanding in this area drawing on a range of literatures including practice-based perspectives on knowledge, the literature on the embeddedness of social relations, and relevant knowledge management literature. The central focus of this paper is on the relationship between network size, network density, and how these variables affect intra-network knowledge processes. It suggests that as network size increases network density is likely to decrease (as it becomes problematic for the actors in such networks to retain strong ties with a significant proportion of the network's members), which it will be suggested has significant ramifications for intra-network knowledge processes. This paper concludes by reflecting on the implications of the ideas developed for network-based forms of organizing, and innovation processes.     

技术中介理论：一种现象学的技术伦理学思路

技术不仅仅是一种功能性工具,更是调节人与世界之间关系的中介,它在使用过程中影响着用户的知觉和行为,进而影响人们的伦理行为决策。因此,需要对技术中介与伦理行为之间的关系作出把握,通过中介分析和设计,将道德物质化人工物的设计之中,以促进技术社会的民主化进程。源于现象学的技术中介理论引入技术伦理学领域,有助于丰富对技术自身特性的认识,有助于建立适应当代社会发展的＂高技术伦理学＂。     

Neurosurgical treatment for addiction: lessons from an untold story in China and a path forward

Addiction is a major public-health crisis associated with significant disability and mortality. Although various pharmacological and behavioral treatments are currently available, the clinical efficacy of these treatments is limited. Given this situation, there is a growing interest in finding an effective neurosurgical treatment for addiction. First, we discuss the use of ablative surgery in treating addiction. We focus on the rise and fall of nucleus accumbens ablation for addiction in China. Subsequently, we review recent studies that have explored the efficacy and safety of deep-brain-stimulation treatment for addiction. We conclude that neurosurgical procedures, particularly deep-brain stimulation, have a potentially valuable role in the management of otherwise intractable addictive disorders. Larger well-controlled clinical trials, however, are needed to assess clinical efficacy and safety. We end by discussing several key issues involved in this clinical field and identifying some areas of progress.     

Neuropeptides and psychopathology

Although the adaptive processes of animals are under the control of the central nervous system there is clear evidence of the involvement also of hormones produced by the endocrine glands. It further appears that the effect may not depend on the whole hormone molecule but on only a part of it, known as a neuropeptide. Recent research suggests that neuropeptides may have a useful role to play in the treatment of schizophrenia.     

微出版及其应用探析

本文对语义出版中的一种代表性出版模式——微出版（Micropublication）进行了介绍和分析。首先介绍了微出版物的概念及其本体;然后对微出版的应用现状进行述评;最后,尝试将微出版应用于心理学领域,以一篇心理学科学文献为例对其利用微出版模型进行语义化描述,并在此基础上对微出版的应用特点进行了分析。研究结果表明：微出版模型是一种以论证为基础,对科学文献中以文献结论为论点,以陈述、数据、方法等作为证据的论证过程进行语义化表示的语义出版模型,但微出版模型无法表示对科学文献内的具体组块,需要结合其他概念模型实现对科学文献不同程度的语义化描述。     

The tale of the snake and the elephant: Intellectual property expansion under informational capitalism

While macro theorists of informational capitalism have tended to consider intellectual property in a vague and general way, intellectual property researchers have tended to focus on extremely specific issues. What gets missed is an understanding of intellectual property as a system and its relationship with the totality of capitalism. Starting from a cognitive materialist approach, this article offers a systematic account of the recent expansion of intellectual property rights. Thereafter, it situates the data on the expansion of intellectual property vis-à-vis the transition from industrial to informational capitalism and relates that expansion specifically to informational productive processes. It concludes with a general proposition about the relationship between the changes of stage in capitalism and the institutions of intellectual property.     

Asymptotic memoryless detection of random signals in dependent noise

Design of detectors for strong mixing signals in strong mixing noise is considered, where a large degree of dependency may occur between the signal and noise. Under the criterion of asymptotic relative efficiency, it is shown that this design reduces to determining the solution of an integral equation, where only knowledge of the second order statistics of the randon processes involved is required. In particular, if the signal is independent of the noise and has nonzero mean, the optimal detector is the same as in the known constant signal case. It is also shown that it is possible to delete several regularity conditions which may be difficult to check in practice in the slightly more restrictive case where the maximal correlation coefficients of the signal and noise tend to zero.     

行动导向教学在神经外科临床教学中的应用研究

目的：探讨行动导向教学模式对提高神经外科临床教学质量的效果。方法：选取本院神经外科接受临床实习的68例学生为研究对象,根据随机数字表将学生分为观察组及对照组各34例,对照组实施传统性神经外科教学模式,观察组实施以行动为导向的教学模式,实习结束时由临床带教老师对学生病理分析能力、理论知识掌握情况、临床实操能力及论文写作水平进行考核。结果：观察组实习结束时病理分析成绩、理论考试成绩、临床实操成绩及论文成绩显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：利用行动导向教学模式可提高学生学习积极性,从而提高学生理论知识水平及临床实操能力。     

Technology and Globalisation: An Overview

Globalisation is a term too easily used without reference to the basic enabling role of technology. It is the interplay between available technology and the prevailing social processes, especially dominant institutional forms, which has essentially determined the long process of globalisation. This process has gone through phases exhibiting varying core characteristics as production, transport and communications technologies especially have interrelated with the institutional structures of nation states, military forces and firms especially. However, a general trend to geographical and tendentially global expansion has been constant, along with an intensification of information processing and communications capacity. The role of technology has been to enable this physical expansion culminating in globalisation, including the techno-industrial capacity that increasingly drove it through the construction of better and cheaper artefacts.     

Interactivity,Dynamic Symbol Processing,and the Emergence of Content in Human Communication

A major step in resolving conceptual ambiguity surrounding interactivity involves making a distinction between micro-level psychological processes and the macro-level societal effects that emerge from them. The proposition cuts against the epistemological grain of social sciences, such as psychology and sociology, which have ontological commitments to a particular level of analysis. The position advanced here suggests theories where processes operate at one level and generate effects that emerge at a higher level. Further, it is argued that the best place to begin looking at the process of interaction is at the level of the neural circuit, a realm far below discussions that center at the interpersonal or cultural levels.     

Interactivity, Dynamic Symbol Processing, and the Emergence of Content in Human Communication

A major step in resolving conceptual ambiguity surrounding interactivity involves making a distinction between micro-level psychological processes and the macro-level societal effects that emerge from them. The proposition cuts against the epistemological grain of social sciences, such as psychology and sociology, which have ontological commitments to a particular level of analysis. The position advanced here suggests theories where processes operate at one level and generate effects that emerge at a higher level. Further, it is argued that the best place to begin looking at the process of interaction is at the level of the neural circuit, a realm far below discussions that center at the interpersonal or cultural levels.     

职业教育和培训与创新

本文主要论述了职业教育和培训与创新过程的关系,认为创新需与教育结合,而教育本身也在经理创新的过程,指出了导致后现代科学现代化压力的发展趋势及其对教育和培训体系的挑战.针对这种现状,文章重点考察了德国职业教育和培训体系,分析了德国体系的特点和结构以及近三十年来的主要危机与改革的措施.文章指出每次危机的发生都带动了创新和改革的发展,特别介绍了今年来最重要的改革发展步骤,即所谓的"实地学习概念",文中详细介绍了教学模块创新的基本思想和原则.     

Interrelation between patenting and standardisation strategies: empirical evidence and policy implications

This paper analyses the relationship between strategies to protect intellectual property rights and their impact on the likelihood of joining formal standardisation processes. It is based on a small sample of European companies. On the one hand, theory suggests that the stronger the protection of own technological know-how, the higher the likelihood to join formal standardisation processes in order to leverage the value of the technological portfolio. On the other hand, companies at the leading edge are often in such a strong position that they do not need the support of standards to market their products successfully. The results of the Probit models to explain the likelihood to join standardisation processes support the latter theoretical hypothesis: the higher the patent intensities of companies, the lower is their tendency to join standardisation processes.     

Using big data for co-innovation processes: Mapping the field of data-driven innovation,proposing theoretical developments and providing a research agenda

This is the first systematic literature review concerning the interconnections between big data (BD) and co-innovation. It uses BD as a common perspective of analysis as well as a concept aggregating different research streams (open innovation, co-creation and collaborative innovation). The review is based on the results of a bibliographic coupling analysis performed with 51 peer-reviewed papers published before the end of 2019. Three thematic clusters were discovered, which respectively focused on BD as a knowledge creation enabler within co-innovation contexts, BD as a driver of co-innovation processes based on customer engagement, and the impact of BD on co-innovation within service ecosystems. The paper theoretically argues that the use of BD, in addition to enhancing intentional and direct collaborative innovation processes, allows the development of passive and unintentional co-innovation that can be implemented through indirect relationships between the collaborative actors. This study also makes eleven unique research propositions concerning further theoretical developments and managerial implementations in the field of BD-driven co-innovation.     

On the approximate discrete KLT of fractional Brownian motion and applications

This paper establishes connection between discrete cosine transform (DCT) and the discrete-time fractional Brownian motion process (dfBm). It is proved that the eigenvectors of the auto-covariance matrix of a dfBm can be approximated by DCT basis vectors in the asymptotic sense. This shows that DCT basis acts as discrete Karhunen–Loève transform (DKLT) for these processes in the approximate sense. Analytic perturbation theory of linear operators is used to prove this result. This result will be of great practical significance in applications where one is looking for an appropriate basis to work with signals that can perhaps be modeled as belonging to fBm processes. The utility of the proposed work has been illustrated with two real-life data (a) on compressive sampling based reconstruction of financial time-series and (b) in denoising gravitational wave event GW150914 data obtained from a binary black hole merger.     

泾河上游固原地区的NDVI变化与降水的相关性研究

我国自2000年开始实行退耕还林还草政策。本文使用2000年与2004年250m分辨率的MODIS植被指数数据(NDVI)，分析了泾河上游固原地区植被和降水利用效率变化，结果表明该区植被覆盖情况有较大好转，NDVI在0.2～0.4之间的地区减少了31%，而NDVI在0.4～0.6的地区增加了67%; 同时该地区的降水利用效率也有所增加，从平均0.53增加到0.65。原州、彭阳和西吉3县NDVI与降水的相关系数分别从0.27、0.58、0.50增加到0.83、0.92和0.95。研究认为这种增加主要是由于降水在年内分布与植被生长配合较好，而不是由于退耕还林政策所致。分析表明当生长季内降水小于450mm时，NDVI随降水增加而增加较慢，当降水大于450mm时，NDVI增加较快。生长季降水量小于450mm的地区以草地为主，大于450mm的地区以林地为主。所以生长季450mm降水可以看作是降水影响森林和草地一个临界点，在这一阈值之上退耕还林政策实施应以还林为主，在这一阈值之下以还草为主。     

An international comparison of sectoral knowledge bases: persistence and integration in the pharmaceutical industry

This paper builds upon and extends existing studies of scientific and technological specialisation by proposing an analytical framework to compare sectoral knowledge bases across countries. It develops the concepts of knowledge persistence and knowledge integration as the relevant dimensions along which knowledge bases can be compared. Persistence is studied by analysing the evolution of specialisation over time. It hints at the cumulative, path dependent nature of learning processes. Integration is studied by analysing the evolution of specialisation across different typologies of research. It hints at the complex, non-linear interdependencies that link the scientific and technological domains. On the strength of an original database encompassing 630,000 peer-reviewed papers published between 1989 and 1996 in 11 chemistry and pharmacology-related fields across three types of research (i.e. basic, applied and development), it is argued that countries with high degrees of both persistence and integration (e.g. the US in pharmacology) are the most likely sources of useful research results for EU firms’ innovative efforts in the pharmaceutical sector. Also, some doubts are cast on the existence of a European paradox in pharmaceuticals.     

谦卑型领导与下属建言：传统性的调节作用

谦卑型领导的特点在于“自下而上”和开放性,这能否促进下属的建言行为？为了解答这一问题,本研究通过建构被调节的中介模型来探讨谦卑型领导与下属建言行为的关系,并揭示其中可能存在的作用机理。研究发现：谦卑型领导分别对下属促进性建言行为和抑制性建言行为有显著正向影响,在这两个影响过程中,下属敬业度起到中介作用;在敬业度对这两种建言行为的影响过程中,下属的中国人传统性具有正向调节效果;而对于上述两段中介影响过程,传统性也分别发挥了正向调节作用。     

基于SWAT的平原圩区受控水文过程识别和模拟

平原圩区地势平坦,水系结构复杂,汇流和排水过程受到农业水利工程的影响,仅基于DEM提取流域的方法难以使SWAT模型正确识别圩区汇水关系.在充分调查分析平原圩区水文过程的基础上,提出了改进SWAT模型子流域概化方法:①采用分区多出口模拟、水库控制出流等方法以识别平原圩区复杂、受控的水文过程;②基于主要地物要素对原始DEM进行修正,并通过河道结构合理化修正以处理河道分汊和网状河流汇流关系.江西省赣江下游典型平原圩区蒋巷联圩实例研究表明,应用上述强化子流域提取方法,能够使SWAT模型较好地对平原圩区复杂、受控的水文过程进行识别和模拟,水量模拟相关系数和效率系数均达到0.8以上.通过对比自然出流和受控出流的模拟结果和出流特征,表明SWAT模型能够较好地识别平原圩区内电排站对径流的调蓄和截留作用.     

浅析合作式学习在教学中的运用

合作式学习是一种复合的学习模式,它在智力和社交两个方面向学生提出挑战,并以新颖的方式将不同层次的学习过程融合在一起。合作式学习是根据精心设计的原则开展小组互动的学习模式。它不仅仅是一套辅助教学的工具,更是一种全新的教学理念。本文旨在对合作式教学的理论基础和结构模式进行一番探讨。