佛手Citrus medica L.var.sarcodactylis

佛手为柑橘属植物，又名九爪木、五指橘、佛手柑。为芸香科常绿小乔木。主产于闽、粤、川、江浙等省，其中浙江金华佛手最为著名，被称为“果中之仙品，世上之奇卉”，雅称“金佛手”。佛手与原种性能相似但果实长形，分裂如拳或张开如指，其裂数即代表心皮之数。裂纹如拳者称拳佛手，张开如指者叫做开佛手。佛手是形、色、香俱美的佳木。佛手的花有白、红、紫三色。白花素洁，红花沉稳，紫花淡雅。佛手的叶色泽苍翠，四季常青。     

3.多媒体教学

媒体 根据国际电联(ITU-T)的定义,媒体指的是以下五种: 1.感觉媒体(Perception medium),如声音、图像、图形、动画和文本等. 2.表示媒体(Representation medium),如声音编码、图像编码和文本编码等. 3.显示媒体(Presenkation medium),如显示器、喇叭、音箱、打印机等输出媒体;键盘、鼠标器、光笔、扫描器、数字化仪、摄像头等输入媒体. 4.存储媒体(Storage medium),如硬盘、软盘、光盘、磁带、只读存储器和随机存储器等. 5.传输媒体(Transmission medium),如司轴电     

3.教师职业卫生

(1)防止咽喉炎,长时间讲课,加上粉尘刺激,很容易患咽喉炎.所以,平时应多渴开水,经常用温盐水漱口.     

细基江篱繁枝变形种Gracilaria tenuistipitata var.中的甾醇化合物

从细基江篱繁枝变形种Gracilaria tenuistipitata var.中分离、鉴定出8种甾醇:胆甾一5,22E-二烯-3β-醇,24-甲基-胆甾-5,22E-二烯-3β-醇,24,26-二甲基-胆甾-5,22E-二烯-3β-醇,24-亚甲基胆甾醇,26-甲基-24-亚甲基-胆甾醇,胆甾醇,24-甲基-胆甾醇及24、26-二甲基胆甾醇。     

从remind sb.of sth.说起

且看这句译文 :这些歌曲使他想起了他的童年。Ｔｈｅｓｏｎｇｓｒｅｍｉｎｄｅｄｈｉｍｈｉｓｃｈｉｌｄｈｏｏｄ．乍看这句译文没有什么毛病 ,但仔细琢磨才知道不对。按照ｒｅｍｉｎｄ这个词的惯用法 ,后面不可带双宾语 ,上面那句话应改为 :Ｔｈｅｓｏｎｇｓｒｅｍｉｎｄｅｄｈｉｍｏｆｈｉｓｃｈｉｌｄｈｏｏｄ．又如 :Ｔｈｅｆｉｌｍｒｅ ｍｉｎｄｅｄｈｉｍｏｆｗｈａｔｈｅｈａｄｓｅｅｎｉｎＰａｒｉｓ．Ｔｈｅｖｉｌｌａｇｅｒｅｍｉｎｄｓｍｅｏｆｈｏｍｅ，ｏｆｍｙｏｗｎｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ．现将类似这种用法的常见词分别归纳如下 :…     

NO.3效率方程解

解法一 把放弃代入,解出的根是: 万科集团在成立之初曾涉足饲料、零售等领域,但后来退出来了.万科集团的创始人王石解释:"其实当时这些生意的收益也都不错,主动退出是为了集中全力做好房地产."这一决策最终成就了万科房地产产业"龙头老大"的地位.     

狼种 3.野兔

孟根给小草原犬起名"赤那"。"赤那"在蒙古语星是"狼"的意思。孟根原来有一只叫"赤那"的牧羊犬,可惜,在去年的雪灾中,赤那为了保护他,被猿咬死了。     

练习3.语言运用

[考点解说] 扩展语句和压缩语段的考查重点为“应用”。扩展语句,要求是将语句扩长,内容扩多。考查形式大致为:①将几个词语连缀扩展为句子;②将短句扩展为长句;③将句子扩展成语段;还结合着“填补句子”、“片断作文”来设计。在语言表达上又与句式、修辞相互渗透。扩展语句,最易犯的毛病是扣不     

Comparative effects of plant growth regulators on leaf and stem explants of Labisia pumila var. alata

Objective: Labisia pumila var. alata, commonly known as ’Kacip Fatimah’ or ’Selusuh Fatimah’ in Southeast Asia, is traditionally used by members of the Malay community because of its post-partum medicinal properties. Its various pharmaceutical applications cause an excessive harvesting and lead to serious shortage in natural habitat. Thus, this in vitro propagation study investigated the effects of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) on in vitro leaf and stem explants of L. pumila. Methods: The capabilities of callus, shoot, and root formation were evaluated by culturing both explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various PGRs at the concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 mg/L. Results: Medium supplemented with 3 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) showed the optimal callogenesis from both leaf and stem explants with (72.34±19.55)% and (70.40±14.14)% efficacy, respectively. IBA was also found to be the most efficient PGR for root induction. A total of (50.00±7.07)% and (77.78±16.47)% of root formation were obtained from the in vitro stem and leaf explants after being cultured for (26.5±5.0) and (30.0±8.5) d in the medium supplemented with 1 and 3 mg/L of IBA, respectively. Shoot formation was only observed in stem explant, with the maximum percentage of formation ((100.00±0.00)%) that was obtained in 1 mg/L zeatin after (11.0±2.8) d of culture. Conclusions: Callus, roots, and shoots can be induced from in vitro leaf and stem explants of L. pumila through the manipulation of types and concentrations of PGRs.     

Antioxidant activity and protective effect of Clitoria ternatea flower extract on testicular damage induced by ketoconazole in rats

Background

Ketoconazole (KET), an antifungal drug, has adverse effects on the male reproductive system. Pre-treatments with antioxidant plant against testicular damage induced by KET are required. The flowers of Clitoria ternatea (CT) are proven to have hepatoprotective potential. However, the protective effect on KET-induced testicular damage has not been reported.

Objective

To investigate the protective effect of CT flower extracts with antioxidant activity on male reproductive parameters including sperm concentration, serum testosterone level, histopathology of the testis, and testicular tyrosine phosphorylation levels in rats induced with KET.

Methods

The antioxidant activity of CT flower extracts was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Male rats were treated with CT flower extracts (10, 50, or 100 mg/kg BW) or distilled water via a gastric tube for 28 d (preventive period: Days 1–21) and induced by KET (100 mg/kg BW) via intraperitoneal injection for 7 d (induction period: Days 22–28). After the experiment, all animals were examined for the weights of the testis, epididymis plus vas deferens and seminal vesicle, serum testosterone levels, sperm concentration, histological structures and diameter of testis, and testicular tyrosine phosphorylation levels by immunoblotting.

Results

The CT flower extracts had capabilities for DPPH scavenging and high reducing power. At 100 mg/kg BW, the extract had no toxic effects on the male reproductive system. Significantly, in CT+KET groups, CT flower extracts (50 and 100 mg/kg BW) alleviated the reduction of reproductive organ weight parameters, testosterone levels, and sperm concentration. In addition, CT flower extracts gave protection from testicular damage in KET-induced rats. Moreover, in the CT100+KET group, CT flower extracts significantly enhanced the expression of a testicular 50-kDa tyrosine phosphorylated protein compared with that of other groups.

Conclusions

C. ternatea flower extracts possessing antioxidant activity are not harmful to the male reproductive system and can protect against testicular damage in KET-induced rats.     

Expression of MMP-9 in hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome induced by Gynura segetum

Background and objective:Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome(HSOS) is characterized by painful hepatomegaly,ascites,increased body weight,and jaundice.Gynura segetum(Compositae),a plant widely used in Chinese traditional medicine,often leads to the development of HSOS.However,the mechanism is unclear.The aim was to study the role of matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) in the onset of HSOS induced by Gynura segetum.Methods:Twenty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups.Twenty were exposed to 600 mg/kg daily Gynura segetum extract solution for three weeks;five control rats were exposed to tap water alone.Liver sections were evaluated by light microscopy with a modified scoring system.Routine transmission electron microscopy(TEM) methods were used to evaluate the ultrastructual features of fixed liver tissue,and blood samples were collected to determine liver enzyme concentrations.MMP-9 expression was assessed by both immunohistochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) methods.Results:A stable and reproducible rat model of HSOS was achieved by long-term exposure to Gynura segetum extract.The treated rats presented clinical symptoms and the histopathological manifestation of HSOS,including abnormal liver enzyme concentrations(alanine aminotransferase(ALT):(84.8±13.62) vs.(167.0±72.63) U/L,P<0.05;aspartate aminotransferase(AST):(27.6±6.31) vs.(232.8±108.58) U/L,P<0.05).Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E) staining and TEM together revealed deposition of red blood cells,the damage and destruction of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells,collapse of hepatic sinusoids,hemorrhage of subendothelial cells,atrophy and destruction of hepatocytes,etc.Compared with controls,the expression of MMP-9 in the blood sample,the lung and liver tissues of HSOS rats was increased.Conclusions:MMP-9 may have an important role in early pathological changes of HSOS,and thus the onset of the disease.     

Anethum graveolens Linn. (dill) extract enhances the mounting frequency and level of testicular tyrosine protein phosphorylation in rats

Objective:To investigate the effect of Anethum graveolens(AG) extracts on the mounting frequency,histology of testis and epididymis,and sperm physiology.Methods:Male rats induced by cold immobilization before treating with vehicle or AG extracts [50,150,and 450 mg/kg body weight(BW)] via gastric tube for consecutive 1,7,and 14 d were examined for mounting frequency,testicular phosphorylation level by immunoblotting,sperm concentration,sperm acrosome reaction,and histological structures of testis and epididymis,respectively.Results:AG(50 mg/kg BW) significantly increased the mounting frequency on Days 1 and 7 compared to the control group.Additionally,rat testis treated with 50 mg/kg BW AG showed high levels of phosphorylated proteins as compared with the control group.In histological analyses,AG extract did not affect the sperm concentration,acrosome reaction,and histological structures of testis and epididymis.Conclusions:AG extract enhances the aphrodisiac activity and is not harmful to sperm and male reproductive organs.     

Novel mutation c.980_983delATTA compound with c.986C>A mutation of the FRMD7 gene in a Chinese family with X-linked idiopathic congenital nystagmus

Objective

To screen mutations in FERM domain-containing protein 7 (FRMD7) gene in two Chinese families with X-linked idiopathic congenital nystagmus (XLICN).

Methods

Common ophthalmic data and peripheral blood of two Chinese XLICN families (families A and B) were collected after informed consent. Genomic DNA was prepared from the peripheral blood of members of the two families and from 100 normal controls. Mutations in the FRMD7 gene were determined by directly sequencing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products.

Results

We identified a novel mutation c.980_983delATTA compound with c.986C>A mutation in the 11th exon of FRMD7 in family B, and a previously reported splicing mutation c.782G>C (p.R261G) in family A. The mutations were detected in patients and female carriers, while they were absent in other relatives or in the 100 normal controls.

Conclusions

Our results expand the spectrum of FRMD7 mutations in association with XLICN, and further confirm that the mutations of FRMD7 are the underlying molecular mechanism for XLICN.     

Family-based association study of ZNF533, DOCK4 and IMMP2L gene polymorphisms linked to autism in a northeastern Chinese Han population简

Objective

A study in a Caucasian population has identified two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ZNF533, one in DOCK4, and two in IMMP2L, which were all significantly associated with autism. They are located in AUTS1 and AUTS5, which have been identified as autism susceptibility loci in several genome-wide screens. The present study aimed to investigate whether ZNF533, DOCK4, and IMMP2L genes are also associated with autism in a northeastern Chinese Han population.

Methods

We performed a similar association study using families with three individuals (one autistic child and two unaffected parents). A family-based transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) was used to analyze the results.

Results

There were significant associations between autism and the two SNPs of ZNF533 gene (rs11885327: χ ²=4.5200, P=0.0335; rs1964081: χ ²=4.2610, P=0.0390) and the SNP of DOCK4 gene (rs2217262: χ ²=5.3430, P=0.0208).

Conclusions

Our data suggest that ZNF533 and DOCK4 genes are linked to a predisposition to autism in the northeastern Chinese Han population.     

Inhibitory activities of microalgal extracts against Epstein-Barr virus DNA release from lymphoblastoid cells

This study aimed to assess the inhibitory activities of methanol extracts from the microalgae Ankistrodesmus convolutus, Synechococcus elongatus, and Spirulina platensis against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in three Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cell lines, namely Akata, B95-8, and P3HR-1. The antiviral activity was assessed by quantifying the cell-free EBV DNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The methanol extracts from Ankistrodesmus convolutus and Synechococcus elongatus displayed low cytotoxicity and potent effect in reducing cell-free EBV DNA (EC(50)<0.01 μg/ml) with a high therapeutic index (>28000). After fractionation by column chromatography, the fraction from Synechococcus elongatus (SEF1) reduced the cell-free EBV DNA most effectively (EC(50)=2.9 μg/ml, therapeutic index>69). Upon further fractionation by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the sub-fraction SEF1'a was most active in reducing the cell-free EBV DNA (EC(50)=1.38 μg/ml, therapeutic index>14.5). This study suggests that microalgae could be a potential source of antiviral compounds that can be used against EBV.     

Influence of induced ciprofloxacin resistance on efflux pump activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Objective

The efflux pump (EP) is one of the major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, there are few reports on the effect of the abuse of antibiotic use on the activity of EPs. To determine whether the use of low efficacy antibiotics has any effect on the activity of EPs and induces drug resistance in K. pneumoniae, we investigated the effect of ciprofloxacin on the activity of EPs in K. pneumoniae strains.

Methods

Sixteen susceptible K. pneumoniae strains were isolated from patients and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin were measured in the absence and presence of the pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP). The strains were then induced with a gradient of ciprofloxacin until the MICs of the strains showed no further increase, to obtain induced resistant strains. The EP activities of the strains before and after induction were compared using EP inhibition and ethidium bromide (EtBr) accumulation assays.

Results

The MIC values of the strains were 16–256 times higher after induction than before induction. In the presence of CCCP, the MIC values of 50% of the induced strains were 2–4-fold lower than that in the absence of this inhibitor. The EtBr accumulation assay showed that the fluorescence of EtBr in the induced cells was lower than that in the cells before induction.

Conclusions

EPs are widespread in susceptible and drug-resistant K. pneumoniae strains. Induction with ciprofloxacin may increase the activity of EPs in K. pneumoniae. The EtBr accumulation assay is more sensitive than the EP inhibition assay in evaluating the activity of EPs in K. pneumoniae.