Analytical solution for functionally graded anisotropic cantilever beam under thermal and uniformly distributed load

The bending problem of a functionally graded anisotropic cantilever beam subjected to thermal and uniformly dis-tributed load is investigated,with material parameters being arbitrary functions of the thickness coordinate. The heat conduction problem is treated as a 1D problem through the thickness. Based on the elementary formulations for plane stress problem,the stress function is assumed to be in the form of polynomial of the longitudinal coordinate variable,from which the stresses can be derived. The stress function is then determined completely with the compatibility equation and boundary conditions. A practical example is presented to show the application of the method.     

Heat treatment process optimization for face gears based on deformation and residual stress control

In this paper, based on the principle of heat transfer and thermal elastic-plastic theory, the heat treatment process optimization scheme for face gears is proposed according to the structural characteristics of the face gear and material properties of 12Cr2Ni4 steel. To simulate the effect of carburizing and quenching process on tooth deformation and residual stress distribution, a heat treatment analysis model of face gears is established, and the microstructure, stress and deformation of face gear teeth changing with time are analyzed. The simulation results show that face gear tooth hardness increases, tooth surface residual compressive stress increases and tooth deformation decreases after heat treatment process optimization. It is beneficial to improving the fatigue strength and performance of face gears.     

Numerical Modeling of Response and Damage of Masonry Walls to Blast Loading

To model the damage process of masonry walls under blast loading, a dynamic continuum damage material model is constructed for brick and mortar separately. The degradation of both the stiffness and strength are governed by a damage variable. By using the proposed material model, damage and fragmentation of a typical masonry wall under blast loading at different scaled distances is calculated. The hazard level of the masonry wall to blast loading is evaluated by analyzing the numerical results.     

Coupled Numedcal Analysis of the Stability Behaviour of Unsaturated Soil Slopes Under Rainfall Conditions

The stability behaviour of unsaturated soil slopes under rainfall conditions is investigated via a parametric finite element analysis, which is a fully coupled flow and deformation approach linked to a dynamic programming technique for determining the minimum factor of safety as well as its corresponding critical slip surface based on the stress fields from the numerical computation. The effects of rainfall features, soil strength parameters and permeability properties on slope stability are studied. The analyses revealed that the soil matric suction decreased during rainfall, especially in slopes with high permeability and/or with high suction angles of unsatu-rated soils. The influence of rainfall conditions on such slopes is quite obvious, and soil suction drops rapidly,which leads to a consequent quick reduction in the factor of safety.     

Pyrolysis Characteristics and Kinetics of Municipal Solid Waste

Based on a systemic survey, the pyrolysis characteristics and apparent kinetics of the municipal solid waste （ MSW） under different conditions were researched using a special pyrolysis reactor, which could overcome the disadvantage of thermo-gravimetric analyzer. The thermal decomposition behaviour of MSW was investigated using thermo-gravimetric （ TG ） analysis at rates of 4.8,6.6,8.4, 12.0 and 13. 2 K/min. The pyrolysis characteristics of MSW were also studied in different function districts. The pyrolysis of MSW is a complex reaction process and three main stages are found according to the results. The first stage represents the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose, with the maximum degradation rate occuring at 150℃ -200 ℃： the second stage represents dehydrochlorination and depolymerization of intermediate products and the differential thermogravimetric （ DTG ） curves have shoulder peaks at about 300℃： the third stage is the decomposition of the residual big molecular organic substance and lignin at 400 ℃- 600 ℃. Within the range of given experimental conditions, the results of non-linear fitting algorithm and experiment are in agreement with each other and the correlation coefficients are over0. 99. The kinetic characteristics are concerned with the material component and heating rate. The activation energy of reaction decreases with the increase of heating rate.     

Coupled models of heat transfer and phase transformation for the run-out table in hot rolling

Mathematical models are been proposed to simulate the thermal and metallurgical behaviors of the strip occtLrring on the run-out table （ROT） in a hot strip mill. A variational method is utilized for the discretization of the governing transient conduction-convection equation, with heat transfer coefficients adaptively determined by the actual mill data. To consider the thermal effect of phase transformation during cooling, a constitutive equation for describing austenite decomposition kinetics of steel in air and water cooling zones is coupled with the heat transfer model. As the basic required inputs in the numerical simulations, thermal material properties are experimentally measured for three carbon steels and the least squares method is used to statistically derive regression models for the properties, including specific heat and thermal conductivity. The numerical simulation and experimental results show that the setup accuracy of the temperature prediction system of ROT is effectively improved.     

Algorithm of heating temperature for Chongqing’s winter greenhouses

Internal temperature is crucial to plant growth in the greenhouse. We investigated the patterns of constructing and managing greenhouses in Chongqing, and developed an algorithm of heating temperature for closed winter plastic greenhouses under the conditions of no man-made illumination, no ventilation and hot wind machine as the heating equipment, which are the most adopted pattern of greenhouses in Chongqing area. The algorithm includes two functions of temperature outside the greenhouse, which calculate the values of the warming estimation coefficient (WEC) and the gap between temperatures inside and outside the greenhouse with the measured data of outside temperature, and then give the value of internal temperature; the heat rating of heating facilities required by a greenhouse can be determined by this algorithm with given values of floor area and internal temperature, measured outside temperature and calculated WEC. Verification of the algorithm demonstrates a desirable accuracy of estimation. Algorithms of computing heating temperature for greenhouses of different constructing and managing patterns and in different geographic conditions can also be derived in a similar way. This research presents a paradigm for developing a feasible method to fit out greenhouses with appropriate heating facilities, aiming at energy efficient and cost efficient production.     

Algorithm of heating temperature for Chongqing＇s winter greenhouses

Internal temperature is crucial to plant growth in the greenhouse. We investigated the patterns of constructing and managing greenhouses in Chongqing, and developed an algorithm of heating temperature for closed winter plastic greenhouses under the conditions of no man-made illumination, no ventilation and hot wind machine as the heating equipment which are the most adopted pattern of greenhouses in Chongqing area. The algorithm includes two functions of temperature outside the greenhouse, which calculate the values of the warming estimation coefficient （WEC） and the gap between temperatures inside and outside the greenhouse with the measured data of outside temperature, and then give the value of internal temperature; the heat rating of heating facilities required by a greenhouse can be determined by this algorithm with given values of floor area and internal temperature, measured outside temperature and calculated WEC. Verification of the algorithm demonstrates a desirable accuracy of estimation. Algorithms of computing heating temperature for greenhouses of different constructing and managing patterns and in different geographic conditions can also be derived in a similar way. This research presents a paradigm for developing a feasible method to fit out greenhouses with appropriate heating facilities, aiming at energy efficient and cost efficient production.     

Analytical solution for fixed-end beam subjected to uniform load

A bi-harmonic stress function is constructed in this work. Ariy stress function methodology is used to obtain a set of analytical solutions for both ends fixed beams subjected to uniform load. The treatment for fixed-end boundary conditions is the same as that presented by Timoshenko and Goodier （1970）. The solutions for propped cantilever beams and cantilever beams are also presented. All of the analytical plane-stress solutions can be obtained for a uniformly loaded isotropic beam with rectangular cross section under different types of classical boundary conditions.     

Effect of boundary conditions and convection on thermally induced motion of beams subjected to internal heating

Numerical exercises are presented on the thermally induced motion of internally heated beams under various heat transfer and structural boundary conditions. The dynamic displacement and dynamic thermal moment of the beam are analyzed taking into consideration that the temperature gradient is independent as well as dependent on the beam displacement. The effect of length to thickness ratio of the beam on the thermally induced vibration is also investigated. The type of boundary conditions has its influence on the magnitude of dynamic displacement and dynamic thermal moment. A sustained thermally induced motion is observed with progress of time when the temperature gradient being evaluated is dependent on the forced convection generated due to beam motion. A finite element method (FEM) is used to solve the structural equation of motion as well as the heat transfer equation.     

带式烧结机台车篦条疲劳分析

以带式烧结机台车中的篦条为研究对象,运用有限元方法对两种工况下的篦条进行热应力分析,确定了影响篦条失效的主要因素,明确了篦条屈服强度随温度变化的规律。选取两工况下等效应力最大的节点作为疲劳位置,对篦条进行疲劳分析,确定了篦条易疲劳的薄弱部位;并通过与篦条实际寿命相对比,验证了软件计算篦条疲劳寿命的准确性。     

稳态法测不良导体导热系数实验装置的改进

传统的稳态法测量不良导体的导热系数是用红外线灯泡当作热源，用热辐射的方式对被测样品进行加热，新改进的加热方式是用电熨斗当热源，采用接触的方式进行加热。实践证明：新改进的加热方式具有实验操作简单，测量的结果误差小，节省电能，降低成本等特点。     

Heat generation and transfer in automotive dry clutch engagement

Dynamic behaviour of automotive dry clutches depends on the frictional characteristics of the contact between the friction lining material, the flywheel, and the pressure plate during the clutch engagement process. During engagement due to high interfacial slip and relatively high contact pressures, generated friction gives rise to contact heat, which affects the material behaviour and the associated frictional characteristics. In practice excess interfacial slipping and generated heat during torque transmission can result in wear of the lining, thermal distortion of the friction disc, and reduced useful life of the clutch. This paper provides measurement of friction lining characteristics for dry clutches for new and worn state under representative operating conditions pertaining to interfacial slipping during clutch engagement, applied contact pressures, and generated temperatures. An analytical thermal partitioning network model of the clutch assembly, incorporating the flywheel, friction lining, and the pressure plate is presented, based upon the principle of conservation of energy. The results of the analysis show a higher coefficient of friction for the new lining material which reduces the extent of interfacial slipping during clutch engagement, thus reducing the frictional power loss and generated interfacial heating. The generated heat is removed less efficiently from worn lining. This might be affected by different factors observed such as the reduced lining thickness and the reduction of density of the material but mainly because of poorer thermal conductivity due to the depletion of copper particles in its microstructure as the result of wear. The study integrates frictional characteristics, microstructural composition, mechanisms of heat generation, effect of lining wear, and heat transfer in a fundamental manner, an approach not hitherto reported in literature.     

碳纤维对甘二烷相变材料热性能的影响

对采用热的良导体——碳纤维改善相变材料的热传导速率开展了研究.通过碳纤维与甘二烷的物理混合制备了相变复合材料.采用示差扫描分析法、热重分析法和差示热分析法测试了此相变复合材料的热性能.研究了碳纤维的掺量与长度对甘二烷热传导性能的影响.研究结果表明,碳纤维能有效地改善甘二烷的热传导速率,碳纤维的掺量和长度是2个主要的影响因素.随着碳纤维掺量的增加,甘二烷的储热、放热速率增加.掺入碳纤维后,甘二烷的熔点从40.2℃增加到50.8℃.当掺入6%的碳纤维后,升温所需时间从720s降至660s;当掺入10%的碳纤维后,升温所需时间从720s降至600s.     

A numerical approach to the interaction between airflow and a high-speed train subjected to crosswind

Aerodynamic forces and dynamic performances of railway vehicles are coupled and affected by each other. On the one hand, aerodynamic forces change the displacements of a train. On the other hand, displacements affect aerodynamic forces. Based on vehicle-track coupling dynamics and aerodynamics, a numerical approach to the interaction between airflow and a high-speed train is presented in this paper. Aerodynamic forces and dynamic performances of a high-speed train subjected to crosswind were numerically simulated. Results showed that the interaction between airflow and a high-speed train has a significant influence on displacements and aerodynamic forces of the head coach. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the interaction between airflow and a high-speed train subjected to crosswind.     

Aerobasics — An introduction to aeronautics

A study of air flow past simple bodies provides a background for the understanding and interpretation of aerodynamic forces on airplanes. In this article some simple flows are studied by treating air as a viscous and compressible fluid subject to the laws of mechanics. The importance of two dimensionless parameters, the Reynolds number and the Mach number, respectively representing the viscous and compressibility effects is clearly brought out. The different flow phenomena associated with specific ranges of the Reynolds and Mach numbers are indicated and explained.     

SKMB-200型转向架构架强度与结构优化仿真分析

以应用于CRH380A型动车组上的SKMB-200型动力转向架构架为研究对象,基于UIC615-4标准计算4种模拟运营工况载荷及一种超常载荷,继而确定仿真分析所需的边界条件.静强度仿真结果表明:模拟运营工况下,构架的最大应力分别为225.7、209.0、250.3和196.2 MPa,超常载荷工况下构架的最大应力为30...     

倾斜角度对基于相变材料的散热器在脉冲式热负荷作用下瞬时性能的影响

研究目的：通过实验方法定量研究在相变材料较为剧烈的熔化传热过程中散热器倾斜角度的改变对其瞬时性能所产生的影响。创新要点：定量研究在倾斜角度从水平到垂直时,储能式散热器在脉冲式热负荷作用下瞬时性能的变化规律,并在所研究的工况范围内给出了最优的倾斜角度参考值。研究方法：采用电加热方法模拟电子器件所产生的热源,通过调节电压改变脉冲式热负荷的强度和作用时间,并根据热电偶测量所得的加热表面温度变化来表征储能式散热器的瞬时性能。重要结论：在一定的倾斜角度下工作,可以有效提升基于相变材料的储能式散热器的瞬时性能。在加热功率为40 W、以75℃为目标时,其有效保护时间的相对增长可达约67%。     

某换热器管板的有限元分析设计

应用ANSYS通用有限元分析软件,对某换热器管板建立了三维实体模型,并进行温度场分析,得出管板上温度场的分布规律;同时,按照JB4732-1995《钢制压力容器——分析设计标准》分析了管板在开工、正常操作和停工过程中可能出现的7种瞬态和稳态操作工况的应力强度,并进行应力评定,找出危险工况和该管板强度的控制因素;据此,提出了对设计方案的改进,结果表明,改进后热应力将大大减小。