什么是＂Bildung＂

＂Bildung＂是德国思想传统及教育领域中一个特有的概念。历史上,这个概念的形成与发展经历了从宗教到人文、从反对理性主义到反对人的异化的转变。作为一个过程,＂Bildung＂在目的上追求内在的自我完善,在内容上倡导自由的经验,在方式上主张在与世界的互动中实现自我转化。无论从技术性社会还是从现代学校系统的角度来看,这个概念在当代语境下都具有积极的意义。     

德国教化思想研究

教化是德国教育学的核心概念之一,体现了德国教育学的人文特性和民族特色.从作为目的的教化来看,教化体现了一种非政治的带有美学色彩的全人理想;从作为过程的教化来看,教化体现了异化与复归的无尽的辨证过程,人与世界(文化)的无尽的相互作用.教化的文化关怀,体现了德意志民族对自身文化身份的寻求及其与纳粹的千丝万缕的联系;教化的非政治性,体现了一种对教育的自身逻辑的寻求,但在教育日益工具化和教育科学日益科学技术化的今天,正面临严重的挑战.     

Steuerliche Forschungsförderung im Lichte des Unionsrechts

Die Bestimmungen des § 4a Z 1 EStG stellen einen bedeutenden Teil der steuerlichen Begünstigungen von Forschung und Lehre dar. Die Ausgestaltung dieser Bestimmung veranlasste die Europ?ische Kommission ein Vertragsverletzungsverfahren gegen ?sterreich einzuleiten. Vor diesem Hintergrund kommt zum einen der Frage der Anwendbarkeit der Grundfreiheiten und zum anderen der (unionsrechtskonformen) Interpretation der ?sterreichischen Regelung besondere Bedeutung zu.     

德国政治教育概念辨析

德国政治教育有深厚的传统和底蕴,其政治教育的概念与内涵与德语“政治”(Politik)的语源及德国古典人文主义“Bildung”教育观有深刻的渊源。当代德国政治教育作为公民教育的重要组成部分,注重对青少年的政治认知能力、政治认同感和政治参与意识的培养,注重“知”与“行”的统一,注重政治教育在青少年政治社会化中的重要作用。     

Bildungsentscheidungen und Unsicherheit

Zusammenfassung In gesellschaftlichen wie sozialwissenschaftlichen Diskussionen rücken Ph?nomene der Unsicherheit zunehmend ins Blickfeld, auch in Bezug auf das Bildungsverhalten. Allerdings ist das Themenfeld Unsicherheit sehr heterogen. Der vorliegende Beitrag liefert einen überblick über ausgew?hlte soziologische Zusammenh?nge mit Unsicherheiten im Rahmen von Bildungsprozessen und -entscheidungen. Hierfür wird zun?chst auf Grundelemente theoretischer Modelle der Bildungsentscheidung zurückgegriffen, die zur schematischen Erkl?rung sozialer Unterschiede im Bildungsverhalten verwendet worden sind. Daran anknüpfend werden Erweiterungen diskutiert, mit deren Hilfe die Bedeutung gesellschaftlicher Unsicherheiten für Bildungsverl?ufe besser erfasst werden kann. Diese Erweiterungen betreffen insbesondere die Rolle von Institutionen, die dynamische Erfassung von Lebensverl?ufen und Entscheidungsprozessen und die empirische Analyse des konkreten Entscheidungsverhaltens in sozialen Kontexten.      

Toward a modern concept of schooling: A case study on Hegel

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel developed the concept of institutionalized education, which reflected public schooling and its legitimacy in the context of rapid transformation of European feudal societies to modern societies. The concept of school reflects the Hegelian theory of Bildung and the concept of modern society. What makes Hegel’s philosophy interesting is his conviction that the processes of Bildung can take place only in the context of social institutions and in the highly organized forms of human interaction regulated by those institutions. Hence the development of an individual, according to Hegel, depends exclusively on institutionalized forms of interaction. In modern society, pedagogical institutions have a specific function: on the one hand, schooling is essentially an institutional form of initiating the process of Bildung in which an individual acquires culture and applies it to life—a life which consequently becomes consciously led by an individual self; on the other, schooling is essentially a way for modern society to ensure its self-preservation by preparing the individual to respond to the demands of civic society so that she or he can take part in the economic production and reproduction of modern society.     

The Neo‐Humanistic Concept of Bildung Going Astray: Comments to Friedrich Schiller's thoughts on education

Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805), German poet, dramatist, philosopher and publisher, was a prominent contributor to the educational neo‐humanistic concept of Bildung at the threshold to Romanticism. Schiller assigns a pivotal role to the aesthetic education arguing that aesthetic activity reconciles sensuousness and reason and thereby creates the precondition of knowledge and morality. The article examines elitist and sexist traits in Schiller's work and whether they are constitutive to his theory of aesthetics and education. By identifying problems in the philosophical foundations of the concept of Bildung the authors wish to contribute to its ongoing reconstruction in the Nordic Countries.     

生命、实践和教育学学科身份的寻求：“教化”的历史考察

教化是德国的一个极具德意志民族特色的核心概念。作为一种极具新人文主义和美学色彩的生命理想,教化的目标不是教育技术的可替换的产品,而是生命的唤醒和不断生成。它强调,教育只能是一种激发和促进人的自我活动的特殊的实践形式,而非一种技术性的制作活动;关于这种活动的反思的教育知识也只能是（实践）教育学而非教育科学,因为以心理学和...     

High and wide,the exact and the vast: Emersonian Bildung in dialog with Humboldt and Dewey

Abstract

In this article, it will be my aim to outline the key features of Emerson’s original conception of Bildung, with special reference to the links, first, between the American essayist and Wilhelm von Humboldt, and second, Emerson and John Dewey. After introductory notes on how to map out Emersonian Bildung in relation to the available philosophical commentaries, I delineate some of the chief meanings of Bildung, showing how Emersonian self-culture aligns with Humboldtian Bildung. Second, I draw out concrete implications for educational practice from an Emersonian view of self-culture vis-à-vis comparisons with Dewey. In addition to Bildung qua self-culture, another basic sense of Emersonian Bildung is education, and Emerson often deals with educational themes in his treatments of self-culture. In the final section, I return to the specifics of Emerson’s sense of Bildung, saying a few words on the alleged elitism of the term, and in particular, its neglected religious overtones. This section serves the purpose of distinguishing Emerson’s view not only from related accounts of Bildung, but also from the secondary commentaries available.     

Barbara Bodichon’s travel writing: her epistolary articulation of Bildung

English painter Barbara Bodichon received a dynamic home education, consisting of engaging lessons, reading sessions, family discussions, sketching excursions, and trips at home and abroad. As an adult, Bodichon led a nomadic life, living between Algeria and England and travelling across Europe and America. Seeking to unpack travelling and travel letters as sources of learning, this paper studies Bodichon’s correspondence as epistolary articulations of her Bildung (self-cultivation). It argues that, conforming to Bildung’s idea of forging one’s individuality in interaction with the world, her travelling provided her with a variety of settings through which she extended towards the unknown and incorporated it into her sense of being. In turn, letters functioned as forums where she made sense of encountering the difference through which she individualised her subjectivity. Notwithstanding, a revised reading of Bildung permits teasing out to what extent Bodichon’s self-cultivation was developed at the expense of certain social categories.     

The Subject and the World: Educational challenges

The paper explores the notion of ‘the subject’ in the context of education as an alternative to more limited concepts such as the student or learner. Drawing on the thought of Cornelius Castoriadis, the subject under consideration is a conscious, self-reflective subject that organizes and modifies itself in relation to a world of significations. Through the capacity for conscious self-modification, the subject becomes a self-reflective agent in a socially instituted world of significations. For Castoriadis, this kind of subjectivity is not readily available in every kind of social organization; rather, it is a possible product of a society that has instituted itself explicitly or autonomously. This socially instituted reflexivity is for Castoriadis historically associated with democracy, politics and philosophy. In the second part, the discussion is extended to the non-human realm and the world of the living being. Here, too, meaning—or proto-meaning in the case of the living being—is a constituent in the formation of a world. In this discussion, where Francisco Varela is an important source, concepts such as meaning, signification, normativity and purpose are introduced in the natural sciences, or rather, the sciences of human and non-human nature. The aim of the paper is twofold: on the one hand, to introduce pedagogical reflections into discussions about human on non-human nature; and, on the other, to develop a richer conceptual repertoire for exploring educational phenomena than what is immediately available. An important background, in both cases, is the possibility of ecological crisis, which poses new problems for educators.     

洪堡的“教学与科研统一”原则及其在美国现代大学中的改造

洪堡的"教学与科研统一"原则只有在其教养观和科研观中得到原初理解。在洪堡看来,教养不仅意味着精神力量的唤醒与发展,而且意味着道德的完善;科学必须是纯科学,纯科学就是哲学;在纯科学知识的发现中,不仅要求自由,也确证自由。洪堡原则推动了美国大学现代化运动,但当洪堡原则和美国传统相结合时,其原有的内在统一性被消解,并具有了不同的意义。     

The University as Microcosm

This paper puts forward the model of 'microcosm-macrocosm' isomorphism encapsulated in certain philosophical views on the form of university education. The human being as a 'microcosm' should reflect internally the external 'macrocosm'. Higher Education is a socially instituted attempt to guide human beings into forming themselves as microcosms of the whole world in its diversity. By getting to know the surrounding world, they re-enact it intellectually. Such a re-enacting is a guiding theme in certain philosophies of education studied here. It is with the Neo-Humanist tradition culminating in Humboldt's reforms that an additional step was taken: the university should become itself the reflecting 'microcosm'. This role is nowadays taken up by unconventional LLE, though with far-reaching changes.
The paper is divided into four interconnected Sections each one developing a specific manifestation of the micro-macro relationship.
The main thesis is that: (I) contemporary schemes of never-ending higher education or of so-called 'transformative learning' and of 'universities-multiversities' have their intellectual underpinnings either in similarity or in direct contrast to specific predecessors. Inherent tensions found in these predecessors have left their mark on this micro-macrocosmic model to the extent that it is present in them; (II) the proposed analysis in terms of this model enhances significantly our in-depth understanding of some latent aspects in current trends in LLE and related innovative university schemes; at the same time this model helps us structure appropriately and without anachronisms our humanisticly-inspired critical response to them for abandoning the ideal of the 'wholeness' of the human person.     

Teacher action research as Bildung: An application of Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics to teacher professional development

Teacher action research seeks to bring together action, reflection, theory, and practice; and it is acknowledged as a way to value and honour teachers’ practical knowledge. The purpose of this article is to conceptualize teacher action research as Bildung, applying Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics as a theoretical framework. Based on five teachers’ lived experiences of conducting action research in their classrooms, this study explores how teachers go through the process of the development of the self as a teacher, furthering themselves as professionals through action research. It aims at understanding the role of action research as Bildung, one’s inner process of formation and cultivation of self, to shed light on teacher professional development as a hermeneutical and ontological practice.     

What’s in a name? That which we call a crisis? A commentary on Michael Young’s article ‘Overcoming the crisis in curriculum theory’

Michael Young’s article ‘Overcoming the crisis in curriculum theory: a knowledge-based approach’ (JCS, 45, 2) is discussed from the starting point that the claimed crisis is constructed from a decisive solution, that is the solution determines what is a crisis. But curriculum research and curriculum theory are in need of change. Curriculum research is discussed from an international and historical perspective. The focus is on how economic changes and changes in modes of production have created demands that have been met by an increasing trust in competition between schools and nations. Curriculum construction has been globalized. Curriculum research and curriculum theory ought to problematize and analyse these changes in the conditions for curriculum construction and the politics of education. It is insight into these changes that are needed as well as a serious discussion on the meaning and direction of formation (Bildung) as a framework for research on the knowledge that has to be selected and organized for teaching.     

Bildung and educational action research: resources for hope in neoliberal times

This paper draws upon empirical research to provide insights into current teacher learning practices under broader neoliberal conditions, and how the latter might be resisted. The paper contrasts neoliberal approaches to teachers’ learning with the Nordic tradition of educational action research and ‘Bildung’ as alternative resources to guide teachers’ and principals’ collective learning practices in schools, and draws upon empirical research to provide evidence of the benefits and challenges of doing so. The paper draws upon research into the learning practices of primary teachers in Australia, early childhood teachers in Sweden, and principals in Finland. The research reveals the influence of more Bildung-informed conceptions of educational action research, even as these are challenged by existing administrative cultures, and neoliberal pressures. The research presents ‘resources for hope’ to promote collective learning based on democratic values, not in an idealized or abstract manner, but in a way which is simultaneously cognizant of empirical realities.     

河南省物流产业整合模式研究

物流产业整合是优化物流产业结构、实现物流一体化运作、提升物流产业国际竞争力的主要途径,是促进社会经济发展的重要动力,是物流产业发展到一定阶段的客观要求.本文分析了河南省物流产业整合的环境、物流产业整合的要素、物流产业系统整合和物流产业整合方式几个方面构建了河南省物流产业整合的模式.     

The University as Microcosm

This paper puts forward the model of ‘microcosm‐macrocosm’ isomorphism encapsulated in certain philosophical views on the form of university education. The human being as a ‘microcosm’ should reflect internally the external ‘macrocosm’. Higher Education is a socially instituted attempt to guide human beings into forming themselves as microcosms of the whole world in its diversity. By getting to know the surrounding world, they re‐enact it intellectually. Such a re‐enacting is a guiding theme in certain philosophies of education studied here. It is with the Neo‐Humanist tradition culminating in Humboldt's reforms that an additional step was taken: the university should become itself the reflecting ‘microcosm’. This role is nowadays taken up by unconventional LLE, though with far‐reaching changes.

The paper is divided into four interconnected Sections each one developing a specific manifestation of the micro‐macro relationship.

The main thesis is that: (I) contemporary schemes of never‐ending higher education or of so‐called ‘transformative learning’ and of ‘universities‐multiversities’ have their intellectual underpinnings either in similarity or in direct contrast to specific predecessors. Inherent tensions found in these predecessors have left their mark on this micro‐macrocosmic model to the extent that it is present in them; (II) the proposed analysis in terms of this model enhances significantly our in‐depth understanding of some latent aspects in current trends in LLE and related innovative university schemes; at the same time this model helps us structure appropriately and without anachronisms our humanisticly‐inspired critical response to them for abandoning the ideal of the ‘wholeness’ of the human person.