燕山褶断带下板城盆地杏石口组沉积特征及其构造意义

本文通过对燕山褶断带下板城盆地杏石口组沉积物的成分、古水流及其底部砾岩的砂质充填物中碎屑锆石和砾岩中部出露的花岗岩、花岗片麻岩砾石中锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年分析结果,并结合来源区的构造与岩浆作用的调查,揭示了杏石口组沉积时环境的剧变.三叠纪时期刘家沟组至二马营组均为河流相沉积,其古流向自东向西,而杏石口组沉积期变为快速堆积的山麓冲积扇相砾岩,古流向自北-北西向南-南东.杏石口组一段至二段的沉积特征记录了该时期内蒙古隆起的构造抬升及剥露过程.杏石口组中碎屑锆石和花岗岩、花岗片麻岩砾石中锆石U-Pb年龄范围可分为3组：2025～2565Ma、1659～1888Ma和193～691Ma.其中,最年轻的碎屑锆石的加权平均年龄为197±6Ma,表明杏石口组的砂砾岩沉积时代应晚于197±6Ma,即其沉积时代应为早侏罗世.笔者曾获得下板城盆地北侧王土房杂岩体中不同单元花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为191±1Ma和207±1Ma,其与本文获得杏石口组中最年轻的碎屑锆石及两枚花岗岩砾石中锆石的加权平均年龄197±6Ma和206±2Ma、207±2Ma在误差范围内一致,表明与王土房杂岩体同期侵位的岩体在杏石口期发生了快速抬升剥露.暗示了内蒙古隆起在早侏罗世发生了快速抬升及剥露的构造过程.结合前人研究,燕山褶断带前180Ma构造幕发生时代应在197～180Ma期间.     

青藏高原西北缘高原面与陡坡地貌形成过程的裂变径迹热年代学约束

对青藏高原西北缘高原内部和陡坡地貌带2个花岗岩体10件磷灰石裂变径迹年龄测定表明,高原内部大红柳滩-郭扎错逆冲断裂上盘磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为24.8±4.9～14.0±1.3Ma,此外,一个玄武岩烘烤的热事件年龄为7.9±0.8Ma;而陡坡地貌带的西昆仑中间逆冲断裂上盘的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为2.9±0.5～0.9±0.3Ma.进一步的热历史模拟结果显示,高原内部自渐新世以来经历了2期隆升-剥露,分别是渐新世-早中新世（30～16Ma）和上新世以来（≤5Ma）,而陡坡带只记录了晚中新世以来（≤8Ma）的隆升-剥露,暗示他们经历了不同的热演化历史.结合前人在该区的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄数据和野外地质现象,认为现今高原边缘陡坡地貌带可能是自晚中新世以来（≤8Ma）高原边界断裂伴有向塔里木盆地后展式叠瓦逆冲产生的构造抬升的结果;现今高原面有可能是由高原边界断裂系于大约5～2Ma以来强烈活动逐渐形成的,其隆升-剥蚀幅度＞2000～3000m.这对自晚中新世以来青藏高原西北缘高原面与陡坡地貌形成过程提供了磷灰石裂变径迹热年代的重要约束.     

天山北缘侏罗系地层热历史演化及其地质意义：磷灰石裂变径迹和镜质体反射率证据

对天山北缘石场．玛纳斯、安集海河和四棵树河地区18个样品进行了磷灰石裂变径迹年龄测定，同时测定了中生界地层10件裂变径迹样品相应煤层的镜质体反射率。结果表明地层由老到新镜质体反射率逐渐增加，磷灰石裂变径迹中值年龄逐渐降低。石场．玛纳斯地区，下部三叠系煤层镜质体反射率R。值较低，为0．56％，磷灰石裂变径迹中值年龄较大，为125．3±9．1Ma；八道湾组煤层R。为0．53％～0．64％，磷灰石裂变径迹中值年龄介于81．3±4．7～87．8±5．9Ma；上部西山窑组煤层R。最高，达到0．81％，磷灰石裂变径迹中年龄较低，为44．0±5．4—11．8±1．8Ma；相同层位，东部石场．玛纳斯一带R。比西部四棵树地区高，磷灰石裂变径迹年龄刚好相反。磷灰石裂变径迹模拟结果表明中生界三叠系、下侏罗统地层的埋藏深度相对较浅，上覆沉积持续的时间到晚侏罗世到早白垩世基本上已经结束，然后保持在基本不变的深度，直至中新世，不整合在三叠系之下的花岗岩的模拟结果也支持这样的认识。晚侏罗世一早白垩世的冷却降温事件可能是地温梯度变化和隆升作用的共同结果；中侏罗统地层埋藏增温过程持续时间较长，在玛纳斯地区直至渐新世末期。所有样品中磷灰石裂变径迹模拟都记录了10Ma左右的快速冷却过程，近4—5kin的地壳表层物质被剥蚀，平均剥蚀速率400—500m／Ma。这一剥蚀过程应该与天山地区的快速隆升，以及向北的冲断推覆作用相对应。天山地区山前带的变形应不早于10Ma，这一认识与野外地质证据一致。     

新疆且干布拉克超基性岩-碳酸岩杂岩体Sm-Nd同位素年龄及其地质意义

产有超大型蛭石-磷灰石矿床的且干布拉克超基性岩碳酸岩杂岩体位于塔里木板块东北缘库鲁克塔格断隆南侧，其Sm-Nd等时线年龄为（802±52）Ma，εNd（t）：0．471，模式年龄t TM^Nd为1208～1635Ma，表明该杂岩体形成于新元古代。塔北裂谷在新元古代的强烈活动，可以看作是Rodinia超大陆裂解的组成部分。     

阿拉套山南缘岩浆岩锆石SHRIMP年代学研究

位于中国与哈萨克什坦国边境的阿拉套山南缘，火山岩及花岗岩十分发育。其中流纹岩分布广泛，仅研究区内面积达370．8km^2，与下伏早石炭世阿克沙克组及晚石炭世东图津河组呈角度不整合或假整合，SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄300±5Ma。乌拉斯台花岗岩体是研究区内规模最大的岩体，出露面积约82km^2，侵入于早石炭统阿克沙克组及至晚石炭统东图津河组以及早二叠统乌郎组火山岩内，与围岩界线清楚。岩体形态不规则，由4个侵入次岩体组成。第4次侵入的花岗闪长岩体HRIMP锆石U．Pb年龄为294±4Ma。夏尔敖腊岩体为由4个侵入次组成的岩体，侵入于早石炭统内，平面上呈不规则椭圆形，出露面积近10km^ 2，主要岩性为二长花岗岩。出露规模较大的第6次侵入岩体的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为299±6Ma。研究表明，新疆阿拉套山南缘岩浆岩，SHRIMP锆石U—Pb同位素年龄300Ma左右，主要形成于晚石炭世末至早二叠世初，为同一构造．岩浆作用下的产物。     

新疆东准噶尔萨北富碱花岗岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年及其地质意义

萨北锡矿赋矿的富碱（A型）花岗岩隶属于新疆东准噶尔地区卡拉麦里富碱花岗岩带，其中的萨北超单元可以划分为细粒钠铁闪石花岗岩、中细粒钠铁闪石花岗岩、中粗粒钠铁闪石花岗岩和斑状钠铁闪石花岗岩等四个单元。本次工作选择萨北超单元中的中细粒钠铁闪石花岗岩和中粗粒钠铁闪石花岗岩进行SHRIMP锆石u-Pb定年，所获得的两个样品加权平均年龄分别为313±2Ma和314±5Ma，谐和年龄分别为310±7Ma和314±10Ma。结合对中亚造山带东准噶尔晚古生代构造环境和萨北富碱花岗岩带花岗岩的地球化学特征，作者认为：该岩体侵位于晚石炭世（约310Ma），为晚古生代后碰撞岩浆活动的产物，与东准噶尔后碰撞深成岩浆活动的两个峰期（330～310Ma和305～280Ma）中的前一个峰期相一致。     

柴达木盆地北缘大柴旦地区古生代花岗岩锆石SHRIMP定年

大柴旦地区是柴北缘古生代超高压带的重要组成部分，与超高压岩石相伴的花岗岩十分发育。这些花岗岩具有两类不同的岩石地球化学特征，I类以Na20／K2O比值小于1、明显的负Eu异常和低sr、高Y为特征，具有S-型花岗岩的属性，Ⅱ类以Na2O／K2O比值大于1、弱负Eu异常到正Eu异常和高Sr、低Y为特征，具有I-型花岗岩的属性，反映了它们的源岩及成因上的差异。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果表明，大柴旦地区花岗岩的年龄可分为三组，第一组年龄为446.3±3.9Ma，第二组年龄分别为408.6±4.4Ma、403.3±3.8Ma、401.8±3Ma，第三组年龄分别为374.5±1.6Ma、372±2.1Ma。结合区域地质特征，我们认为，第一组年龄可能反映了柴达木陆块与中南祁连板块碰撞的时代，第二组年龄可能反映了深俯冲地下的板块由于拆沉而折返的时代，第三组年龄可能反映了碰撞隆起后造山带上不同块体之间的伸展、滑塌的时代。     

准噶尔盆地基底的探讨：来自原泥盆纪卡拉麦里组砂岩碎屑锆石的证据

准噶尔盆地基底的属性和时代，长期以来一直是地质界激烈争论的问题。根据区域地质背景分析，准噶尔盆地东北缘卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带南侧出露的一套基本连续的、被置于中志留统．下石炭统的浅海相陆源碎屑沉积岩系的物源区，位于准噶尔盆地东部盆地堆积物之下。为此选择其中被1：20万区调置于中泥盆世卡拉麦里组上部层位的砂岩进行碎屑锆石SHRIMPU．Pb定年研究，以期获得准噶尔盆地东部基底时代和属性的信息。测定的86颗碎屑锆石、89个点的年龄分布范围AL（327±8）Ma至（3073±10）Ma；其中碎屑锆石的表面年龄主要集中分布在320Ma～540Ma，显示出多峰的特征，其主峰为365Ma，次要的峰分别为460～480Ma、510～520Ma和530—540Ma。该样品中还含有至少22粒表面年龄大于550Ma的碎屑锆石，其中550～690Ma的碎屑锆石有4粒，827Ma～1083Ma的碎屑锆石有8粒，1513Ma和1700Ma锆石各1粒，1942Ma～2051Ma的锆石有2粒，2464～2490Ma和2876Ma-3073Ma的碎屑锆石各3粒。根据样品的岩石学特征和碎屑锆石的矿物学特征及表面年龄，结合区域岩浆活动的分析，我们获得如下初步结论：（1）所研究砂岩的沉积时代不是泥盆纪的，可能是早石炭世晚期，其源区位于准噶尔盆地东部；（2）源区地质体组成主体是奥陶纪至石炭纪活动陆缘岩浆岩，寒武纪至新元古代中期和新元古代早期至中元古代等时期的岩浆杂岩等组成，以及推测的少量早前寒武纪杂岩；表明准噶尔盆地东部的基底为奠基在前奥陶纪陆壳基底之上的古生代岛弧。     

冈底斯中段尼木斑岩铜矿田的K-Ar、^40 Ar/^39 Ar年龄：对岩浆-热液系统演化和成矿构造背景的制约

青藏高原冈底斯斑岩成矿带不同于经典的产于岛弧和大陆边缘的斑岩铜矿,而形成于后碰撞挤压向伸展转变期,显示了极好的成矿前景.本文对冈底斯中段尼木矿田白容、厅宫和冲江斑岩铜矿区斑岩体进行了系统研究,确定出斑岩体演化和侵入序列为：似斑状二长花岗岩→成矿二长花岗斑岩→石英闪长玢岩→花岗闪长斑岩.K-Ar和^40 Ar/^39 Ar年代学研究获得白容矿区似斑状二长花岗岩中角闪石的K-Ar年龄为16.9±2.4Ma;石英闪长玢岩中黑云母的K-Ar年龄为12.3±0.2Ma、^40 Ar/^39 Ar坪年龄为12.5±0.2Ma;花岗闪长斑岩中黑云母的K-Ar年龄为11.5±0.2Ma、^40 Ar/^39 Ar坪年龄为12.4±0.2Ma;厅宫矿区石英闪长玢岩中黑云母的K-Ar年龄为13.8±0.2Ma、^40 Ar/^39 Ar坪年龄为14.9±0.2Ma;花岗闪长斑岩中黑云母的K-Ar年龄为13.5±0.3Ma、^40 Ar/^39 Ar坪年龄为14.2±0.2Ma,这些年龄表明：石英闪长玢岩晚于似斑状二长花岗岩,略早于花岗闪长斑岩.成矿与二长花岗斑岩有关,其侵位时间晚于似斑状二长花岗岩,早于石英闪长玢岩和花岗闪长斑岩.尼木癍岩铜矿田这种复式杂岩体较充分的分异演化有利于含矿热液的集中与逐渐富集成矿.白容斑岩铜矿蚀变矿化二长花岗斑岩的蚀变绢云母的K-Ar年龄为11.8±0.2Ma,^40 Ar/^39 Ar坪年龄为12.0±0.1Ma,代表了中低温蚀变和矿化末期的年龄.白容矿区绢云母化带的蚀变年龄与石英闪长玢岩和花岗闪长斑岩的黑云母^40 Ar/^39 Ar年龄基本一致,与厅宫矿区辉钼矿Re-Os年龄及石英闪长玢岩和花岗闪长斑岩的黑云母^40 Ar/^39 Ar年龄同样基本一致,暗示两个矿区石英闪长玢岩和花岗闪长斑岩的岩浆结晶冷却与成矿二长花岗斑岩后期热液成矿时间上有重叠.结合前人年龄数据大致确定出白容矿区岩浆-热液活动时限为0.5～5Ma,厅宫为4Ma,冲江为4.5Ma.尼木矿田成矿斑岩^40 Ar/^39 Ar年龄晚于冈底斯碰撞后第一次快速隆升时间≈21Ma,15Ma冈底斯中段NS向正断层开始活动,表明含矿斑岩体可能侵位于地壳加厚、冈底斯山大规模隆升到一定程度后出现弱伸展环境的构造背景下,即斑岩铜矿形成于从南北向挤压隆升到东西向伸展初始发育的过渡构造背景.     

冀北小张家口超基性岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成

采用离子探针（SHRIMP Ⅱ）测得小张家口基性-超基性岩体中的锆石主要有220±5Ma和491±7Ma两组年龄,以及一个很老的继承锆石年龄2453Ma.年龄为220±5Ma的一组锆石（A组）具有典型的岩浆型振荡环带,这组年龄应代表该岩体的侵位年龄.A组锆石的^176Hf/^177Hf比值从0.282557到0.282690,εHf（220Ma）=-2.9～＋1.66.年龄为491±7Ma的一组锆石（B组）具有变质成因的蝴蝶结构（Butterfly structure）和熔蚀边,属于继承锆石.B组锆石的^176Hf/^177Hf比值从0.282239到0.282483,εHf（491Ma）=-8.6～0.06.207Pb/206Pb年龄为2453Ma的锆石应该是岩浆侵位时从华北克拉通古元古代基底中捕获的锆石.A组锆石的Hf同位素数据表明,220Ma左右由于华北北缘岩石圈伸展,导致软流圈地幔上涌,亏损的软流圈地幔流/熔体与富集的岩石圈地幔相互作用并混合,这种混合地幔源区发生部分熔融而形成小张家口基性-超基性岩体.B组锆石可能是小张家口岩体在岩浆侵位过程中捕获的来源于富集地幔或大陆下地壳的锆石.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Our Own Devices: Heterotopic Communication, Discourse, and Culture in the Information Society 1

The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese