儿童亲社会行为与移情

亲社会行为是儿童社会化的一个重要标志。移情则是影响儿童社会化实现的一个重要因素,本文试图就儿童亲社会行为的形成与移情的关系作一探讨。     

加强儿童移情训练,促进儿童亲社会行为发展

亲社会行为是儿童社会性发展的重要方面，儿童移情能力的发展对提高亲社会行为的发展起着重要的促进作用。因此，我们有必要掌握儿童移情能力的发展过程，对儿童进行恰当的移情训练提高他们的移情能力，从而促进其亲社会行为的发展。     

共情与亲社会行为的关系:影响因素及神经基础

共情可引发亲社会行为,且受到主体的人口学特征、人格特质、价值观、当下状态和社会环境等因素的影响。然而,既往文献多停留于对主体或情境某一方面影响因素的探讨,缺乏对二者交互作用以及综合因素的考察,文章概述了共情与亲社会行为关系的影响因素及其神经基础的主要文献,指出未来研究需要进一步考察多种因素交互作用对共情与亲社会行为的影响及其神经基础,以及低共情者亲社会行为的改善问题。     

Parents' Use of Inductive Discipline: Relations to Children's Empathy and Prosocial Behavior

Relations between parents' discipline, children's empathic responses, and children's prosocial behavior were examined in order to evaluate Martin Hoffman's claim that children's empathy and empathy-based guilt mediate the socialization of children's prosocial behavior. 78 sixth and seventh graders (138–172 months in age), their mothers, and teachers completed multiple measures of Hoffman's constructs. Results were largely consistent with theory. Parents' use of inductive as opposed to power-assertive discipline was related to children's prosocial behavior. Children of inductive parents were more empathic; and more empathic children were more prosocial. Moreover, children's empathy was found to mediate the relation between parents' discipline and children's prosocial behavior. Few relations were obtained for children's guilt indices, but post hoc analyses yielded theoretically consistent results. Contrary to expectations, parents' use of statements of disappointment was the component of the inductive discipline score which was most strongly related to children's prosocial behavior.     

Classifying Prosocial Behavior: Children's Responses to Instrumental Need,Emotional Distress,and Material Desire

This study investigates the diversity of early prosocial behavior by examining the ability of ninety‐five 2‐ to 4‐year‐olds to provide aid to an adult experimenter displaying instrumental need, emotional distress, and material desire. Children provided appropriate aid in response to each of these cues with high consistency over multiple trials. In contrast to the consistency with which the children provided aid within each task, there were no cross‐task correlations, and the tendency to respond to each of the cues revealed unique developmental trajectories. Taken together, these results provide preliminary support for the importance of examining the cues to which children are responding and of differentiating between varieties of aid when considering the development of prosocial behavior.     

大学生共情水平与亲社会行为倾向的关系

从沧州市三所高校抽取610名在校大学生为调查对象,采用共情量表和亲社会行为倾向量表,考察了大学生的共情水平和亲社会行为倾向之间的关系,同时还考察了社会赞许性、大五人格中的“宜人性”和自尊对于两者关系的影响.相关分析表明:一般共情总分与亲社会倾向之间存在显著相关;回归分析结果表明:宜人性、社会赞许性和自尊在一定程度上也会对亲社会行为倾向具有预测作用,具有高宜人性、高社会赞许性和高自尊的大学生通常也会表现出更强的亲社会倾向.共情正向预测了亲社会行为倾向,在控制了社会赞许性、“宜人性”和自尊等因素后,共情的预测作用仍然显著.这一结果对于高校的德育和政治思想工作具有重要的指导意义.     

大学生公正世界信念与亲社会行为的关系：共情的中介作用

探讨大学生公正世界信念、亲社会行为与共情方面的现状以及共情在公正世界信念与亲社会行为之间的中介作用。研究结果显示:大学生的公正世界信念水平和亲社会行为水平较高,但是共情处于中等水平;大学生公正世界信念、亲社会行为与共情三因素之间存在两两正相关关系,且相关关系显著;在家庭所在地上,亲社会行为的匿名性维度存在显著的城乡差异,农村高于城市;在年级上,公正世界信念的总分和一般公平维度存在显著差异,大一高于大四;共情在公正世界信念和亲社会行为之间呈部分中介变量。因此,为使大学生拥有一个健康的心理状态,更好地走向社会,要激励大学生养成较高的公正世界信念,增加亲社会行为,提升共情水平。     

Children's Moral Motivation, Sympathy, and Prosocial Behavior

Two studies investigated the role of children's moral motivation and sympathy in prosocial behavior. Study 1 measured other-reported prosocial behavior and self- and other-reported sympathy. Moral motivation was assessed by emotion attributions and moral reasoning following hypothetical transgressions in a representative longitudinal sample of Swiss 6-year-old children ( N  =   1,273). Prosocial behavior increased with increasing sympathy, especially if children displayed low moral motivation. Moral motivation and sympathy were also independently related to prosocial behavior. Study 2 extended the findings of Study 1 with a second longitudinal sample of Swiss 6-year-old children ( N  =   175) using supplementary measures of prosocial behavior, sympathy, and moral motivation. The results are discussed in regard to the precursors of the moral self in childhood.     

Preschoolers' Emotional Control in the Disappointment Paradigm and Its Relation to Temperament, Emotional Knowledge, and Family Expressiveness

The present research evaluated a conceptual model that links temperament, emotional knowledge, and family expressiveness to preschoolers' emotion regulation ability. The emotional understanding of 82 preschoolers was assessed with 2 separate tasks. After the second emotional knowledge task, the children were presented a "disappointing" prize, and their facial displays of positive and negative affect were recorded. The children and their mothers also participated in a game designed to elicit maternal expressive behavior. Mothers provided information about the preschoolers' temperament and about the frequency of positive and negative affect expressed within their families Results indicated that children's positive displays when presented the "disappointing" prize were inversely related to the temperamental dimension of emotional intensity and positively associated with children's understanding of emotion. Maternal reports of sadness within the family were inversely related to children's positive affective displays. Children's negative emotional displays in the disappointment situation were inversely related to observed maternal positive emotion. The findings from this study give greater specification to the unique and joint contributions of temperament, emotional knowledge, and family expressiveness in predicting preschoolers' expressive control of emotion.     

儿童亲社会行为的培养

儿童的亲社会行为对儿童以后的人格、性格和身心健康都有很重要的影响.儿童亲社会行为的培养策略主要包括三个方面：（1）利用榜样的作用包括教师、家长和同伴三方面;（2）培养儿童的移情能力;（3）利用表扬和奖励的方式.     

亲社会行为的动机理论

研究者们在广泛吸收有关亲社会行为研究成果的基础上,结合各自多年的研究,提出了多种较为全面、深刻的亲社会行为动机理论,旨在揭示亲社会行为发生发展的心理机制。文章扼要解释了研究者们所提出的亲社会行为的动机理论,并作简要评论。     

共情中的认知调节和情绪分享过程及其关系

共情是在区分自我和他人的基础上对他人情绪的体验和理解,共情既是一种人格特质,也是一种心理过程。共情的结构和功能是近年来发展心理学、比较心理学、社会心理学和认知神经科学等多个领域的研究焦点之一。共情不是一个单维的心理结构,而是包含着自下而上的情绪分享过程和自上而下的认知调节过程。情绪分享过程是刺激驱动的自动化的过程,而认知调节过程会对情绪分享过程产生调节作用,两个过程既彼此独立又互相作用,以确保个体社会适应的灵活性。两个过程的不平衡可能会导致社会适应问题,甚至引发心理疾病。     

Prosocial and Aggressive Behavior: A Longitudinal Study

Developmental theorists have made strong claims about the fundamental prosocial or aggressive nature of the human infant. However, only rarely have prosocial behavior and aggression been studied together in the same sample. We charted the parallel development of both behaviors from infancy to childhood in a British community sample, using a two-construct, multimethod longitudinal design. Data were drawn from the Cardiff Child Development Study (CCDS), a prospective longitudinal study of a volunteer sample of parents and their firstborn children. A sample of 332 mothers was recruited from National Health Service (NHS) prenatal clinics and general practice clinics in Wales, UK, between Fall of 2005 and Summer of 2007. Potential participants represented the full range of sociodemographic classifications of neighborhoods. Participating families were divided about equally between middle- and working-class families, were somewhat more likely to have sons than daughters, and the majority (90%) were in a stable partnership. In response to standard categories recommended for use in Wales at the time, the majority (93%) of mothers reported themselves as Welsh, Scottish, English, or Irish; most others named a European or South Asian nationality. Of the 332 families agreeing to participate, 321 mothers (M_age = 28 years) and 285 partners (M_age = 31 years) were interviewed during the pregnancy and 321 of the families contributed data at least once after the child's birth. After an initial home visit at 6 months, data collection occurred in four additional waves of testing when children's mean ages were approximately 1, 1.5, 2.5, and 7 years. Data collection alternated between family homes and Cardiff University. Of those families seen after the child's birth, 89% were assessed at the final wave of testing. Data collection ended in 2015. Methods included direct observation, experimental tasks, and collection of reports from mothers, fathers, other relatives or family friends, and classroom teachers. Interactions with a familiar peer were observed at 1.5 years. Interactions with unfamiliar peers took place during experimental birthday parties at 1 and 2.5 years. At 7 years, parents were interviewed, parents and teachers completed questionnaires, and the children engaged in cognitive and social decision-making tasks. Based on reports from parents and other informants who knew the children well, individual differences in both prosocial behavior and aggression were evident in children. Both types of behavior showed stability across the second and third years. The association between prosocial behavior and aggression changed over time: at 1.5 years, they were not significantly related (the association approached zero), but they became negatively correlated by 3 years. Different patterns were seen when children played with familiar versus unfamiliar peers. At 1.5 years, when children were observed at home with a familiar peer, prosocial behavior and aggression were unrelated, thus showing a pattern of results like that seen in the analysis of informants' reports. However, a different pattern emerged during the experimental birthday parties with unfamiliar peers: prosocial behavior and aggression were positively correlated at both 1 and 2.5 years, contributing to a general sociability factor at both ages. Gender differences in prosocial behavior were evident in informants' reports and were also evident at the 1-year (though not the 2.5-year) birthday parties. In contrast, gender differences in both prosocial behavior and aggression were evident by 7 years, both in children's aggressive decision-making and in their parents' and teachers' reports of children's aggressive behavior at home and school. By age 7, children's aggressive decision-making and behavior were inversely associated with their verbal skills, working memory, and emotional understanding. Some children had developed aggressive behavioral problems and callous-unemotional traits. A few (12%) met diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder or oppositional-defiant disorders, which had been predicted by early angry aggressiveness and lack of empathy for other people. Taken together, the findings revealed a gradual disaggregation of two ways in which children interact with other people. Individual differences in both prosocial behavior and aggression revealed continuity over time, with gender differences emerging first in prosocial behavior, then in aggression. Restrictions in the participant sample and the catchment area (e.g., all were first-time parents; all were drawn from a single region in the United Kingdom) mean that it is not possible to generalize findings broadly. It will be important to expand the study of prosocial behavior and aggression in other family and environmental contexts in future work. Learning more about early appearing individual differences in children's approaches to the social world may be useful for both educational and clinical practice.     

亲社会行为研究的新视角

近年来亲社会行为研究领域出现一些新的研究视角,其中较有代表性的是亲社会行为神经机制的研究、志愿者活动研究、跨群体助人研究,以及群体间助人研究.这些新视角及其相关的研究,反映出亲社会行为研究在各个水平以及相关学科间进行整合的趋势,有助于研究者对亲社会行为形成更为全面和深入的理解.     

幼儿亲社会性质化研究

以教师自由描述和词汇学两种方法对3-6岁幼儿的亲社会性进行质的探讨。根据幼儿教师对幼儿典型的亲社会性情感和行为的自由描述,以及运用词汇学筛选适合描述幼儿亲社会情感和行为的词汇,得出幼儿的亲社会性结构由合群性、利他性、诚实、攻击性、教养、羞愧感、责任心7个特质构成。     

如何在高校舞蹈教学中培养学生的情感表现力

由于舞蹈艺术能较好的表达情感,舞者往往通过各种身体动作来表达,所以高校在舞蹈教学时,不仅要让学生具备良好的舞蹈素养,还应使舞蹈表演的舞台即视感更高,使观看舞蹈的人被舞蹈所吸引,以此才能有效增强学生的情感表现力。于是文章通过对高校舞蹈教学中培养学生情感表现力进行研究分析,详细介绍了高校舞蹈教学的现状,以及在高校舞蹈教学中提高学生情感表现力的意义,并最终提出在高校舞蹈教学中提高学生舞蹈情感表现力的具体策略,从而促进我国高校舞蹈教育教学事业的可持续发展,使其更加符合时代发展的要求。     

大学生亲社会行为及其培养刍议

亲社会行为是对他人和社会有益的积极行为,本能论、习得论和情感论对其动机提供了三种理论解释。大学生亲社会行为具有自己群体的一些特征。从坚持德育为先、训练移情能力、提高情绪胜任力、弘扬亲社会模范等方面培养大学生亲社会行为,这对于构建和谐校园、建设社会主义和谐社会意义重大。     

信、达、雅——《马克思主义基本原理概论》教学研究的理论背景与路径解读

《马克思主义基本原理概论》的教学研究路径,是既能体现意识形态需求的政治性与学术体系话语的科学性的融合。解读《马克思主义基本原理概论》的话语体系,必须在中国现代化、马克思主义中国化与世界全球化进程相互影响的格局中,在民族身份认同与全球价值认同、在民族性文化与全球性文化、地区性伦理与普遍性伦理相权衡的格局中,在前现代、现代与后现代的相嬗递的历史文化格局中,在蛮荒时代、农业文明、工业文明与生态文明相递进的格局中,在基础理论问题、综合理论问题与现实前沿问题相叠加的格局中,把握《马克思主义基本原理概论》教学研究的理论背景。而力求在平易实之间,把握信、达、雅的方式,是进入《马克思主义基本原理概论》教学话语体系的重要立足点。信是解读《马克思主义基本原理概论》教学研究路径的基本信念,达是解读《马克思主义基本原理概论》教学研究路径的基本理路,雅是解读《马克思主义基本原理概论》教学研究路径的基本形式。     

The Relations of Children's Dispositional Prosocial Behavior to Emotionality, Regulation, and Social Functioning

The purpose of this study was to examine the relations of a measure of children's dispositional prosocial behavior (i.e., peer nominations) to individual differences in children's negative emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Children with prosocial reputations tended to be high in constructive social skills (i.e., socially appropriate behavior and constructive coping) and attentional regulation, and low in negative emotionality. The relations of children's negative emotionality to prosocial reputation were moderated by level of dispositional attentional regulation. In addition, the relations of prosocial reputation to constructive social skills and parent-reported negative emotionality (for girls) increased with age. Vagal tone, a marker of physiological regulation, was negatively related to girls' prosocial reputation.