试论和谐师生关系的特点

师生关系是教育领域中最基本、最重要的关系之一.师生关系状况直接影响到教育质量的高低和学生的健康发展.和谐社会背景下师生关系呈现出了不同于传统的特点,责任意识是和谐师生关系的基础;共享意识是和谐师生关系的保证;模糊性是和谐师生关系的时代特征;发展意识是和谐师生关系的旨归.     

Young People's Conceptions of Environment: A phenomenographic analysis

Environmental education in schools is an important strategy in achieving environmental improvement. However, it needs to be based on children's understandings of environment rather than on assumptions of what children know and believe. This paper reports on a research project where school children's answers to a question 'I think the term/word environment means ' were analysed using the qualitative research method of phenomenography. Six distinct conceptions were isolated, ranging from the least sophisticated--environment as a place--to the most inclusive and expansive--environment and people in a relationship of mutual sustainability. An important qualitative difference was found between conceptions that treat the environment as an object and relational conceptions. The implications of these findings for environmental education are discussed.     

教学原则研究的反思与展望

改革开放以来的二十年,我国教学原则研究大体经历了引进与反思、批判与整合和体系的新建构与研究的多样化三个阶段。研究的方法论方面的局限主要表现在认识方法上的经验主义、研究范式上的科学主义和目的趋向上的功利主义。今后的研究应处理好科学与人文、继承与发展和引进与吸收的关系,并预测了教学原则研究的新趋势。     

主体间性:师生关系的新视角

主体间性是当代哲学一个重要的范畴,可以为师生关系的认识提供新的视角.反思当下教育界关于师生关系的认识,存在着主客二元对立的误区.从主体间哲学的视角看,师生关系的本真是主体间关系,主体间关系的建构要求实现从对象化活动向交往活动的转变.师生主体间交往具有平等性、双向主体性、相互合作性和精神情感性的特点.     

The epistemological role of language use in learning: A phenomenographic intentional-expressive approach

In research on learning, one of the fundamental questions concerns issues of language and thought. A number of empirical studies have revealed the interplay between understanding of subject matter and meanings of language expressions to be more dynamic and ambiguous than is commonly acknowledged. The aim of this article is to outline an alternative intentional-expressive approach to the interplay between use of language and understanding of subject matter as a contribution to the theoretical development in research on learning. The approach is based on a conception of language that focuses on the function of learners’ language use in relation to subject matter in developing and expressing understanding. The learner is seen as an agent, and the focus is on the use of language from the learner's perspective. Four aspects of the relation between learners and subject matter are described and discussed. Conclusions concern the value of this approach as a complement and alternative to the dominant communicative and cognitive approaches to the role of language in learning.     

试论传统文化背景下的师生关系

师生关系是学校中最基本的人际关系。在中国几千年根深蒂固的传统文化影响下,形成了师道尊严、教学相长、相互为师、尊师爱生的传统师生关系。只有准确把握师生关系发展的来龙去脉,才能取其精华,去其糟粕,创建具有中国特色的新型师生关系。     

Referential perspective and instruction: A study on teacher-student interaction and text remembering

The aim of this paper is to study the role ofteacher-student interaction, in the acquisitionof text comprehension and memory skills from asocio-cultural approach. In our view, one ofthe most important areas of neglect in cognitive research in this field is the interactional nature of that development. We intend to establish the way in which teacher-student interaction and, specially, the use of some specific semiotic means mayfacilitate the acquisition and internalizationof general strategies for understanding andremembering expository texts. The role ofreferential perspective (Wertsch, 1989) in theinternalization of complex text study actionsis analysed.The task was to study three expository textsthat were similar in their structure. Thecontent of the texts was analysed in terms ofidea-units (Meyer, 1984). Each text was formedby idea-units from three different levels: mainideas, secondary ideas and details. A categorysystem for the analysis of study and recall ofthe text is developed. In the study phase theanalysis proceeded in two steps: study actionsand text ideas. In the recall phase, two types ofindexes (number of ideas and degree ofclustering) were considered. For the analysisof instructional actions, both the nature ofinstruction and referential perspective wasrecorded.     

现代课堂教学设计案例及解析 --以压力和压强课为例

现代课堂教学设计应把以学生的学习为本、以学生的发展为本作为基本理念,注重教学方案的动态设计,关注学生学习过程和学习方式的优化.     

New models of teacher-student interaction: A critical review

The two instructional models, cognitive apprenticeship and reciprocal teaching, introduced in this article, have attracted wide attention among researchers. Although many empirical experiments using these models have been carried out in different settings with good results, there is still no evidence about the situational conditions or the ability of the individual students to benefit from different methods. In this article empirical experiments based on these two models are reviewed and critically evaluated in an attempt to determine whether the main principles of the models applied to the practice fulfill the general theoretical expectations upon which they are based.     

Knowing your students in large diverse classes: a phenomenographic case study

The problem which this paper addresses is the difficulty of knowing students in large diverse classes in pedagogically useful ways. The paper discusses how the phenomenographic methodology can be employed to address this problem. It describes how phenomenographic studies and their results can enable teachers to ‘know their students’ at a collective level in terms of a set of qualitatively distinct idealised types rather than at a personal level of individuals with their particular characteristics, and demonstrates the pedagogical utility of this kind of knowing. The means used to describe the approach and to demonstrate its utility when teaching large classes is to present, as a case study, a phenomenographic investigation into the learning practices among students in a large, diverse cohort of entrants to an engineering programme in South Africa. General principles are drawn from the case study and are discussed as they apply to the teaching of large classes.     

The Erasure of Habit: Tracing the pedagogic body

While education involves much more than a set of habits, their formation is integral to learning. Within many Western countries, however, habit formation is no longer considered a pedagogic goal. Students may still acquire certain habits of learning as a function of schooling, but the process whereby teachers utilize a form of instruction designed to encourage the habituation of particular knowledge and skills in students now seems something of an anachronism. This article focuses on the erasure of habit in the teaching of writing within the New South Wales education system in Australia. A genealogy of the pedagogic body is undertaken through an examination of primary school syllabus documents. In tracing the body it is revealed that while habit formation was once a central pedagogic tenet, its influence has now waned. With a resultant change in pedagogy, the body has been reformed with new postures of learning framed by the progressivist disciplinarity of teaching.     

Student teachers' ways of experiencing the objective of health education as a school subject: A phenomenographic study

The aim of this phenomenographic study was to identify student teachers' (N = 20) ways of experiencing health education as a school subject, using semi-structured interviews and essays. The findings indicated that the target phenomenon was discussed through the general objective of the subject in five ways: health education as 1) a context for delivering theoretical knowledge, 2) a channel for providing pupils with practical knowledge and skills to contribute to health-related choices, 3) a means to promote pupils' self-regulative knowledge and independent thinking, 4) a context for personal growth, and 5) a means for developing responsible behavior in society. The hierarchically-ordered categories arrived at varied along six themes of expanding awareness. The findings can be used as a basis for planning educational settings, with a view to deepening student teachers' understanding.     

College students’ conceptions of context-aware ubiquitous learning: A phenomenographic analysis

The purpose of this study was to explore students’ conceptions of context-aware ubiquitous learning (u-learning). The students participated in a u-learning exercise using PDAs equipped with RFID readers. The data were collected from individual interviews with each of the students by a trained researcher, and the responses of the interviewees were further analyzed using the phenomenographic method. The analysis revealed five categories of conceptions of u-learning, including “u-learning as the application of technology,” “u-learning as a platform for attaining information,” “u-learning as a timely guide,” “u-learning as increase of knowledge” and “u-learning as active learning.” There conceptions are viewed as a hierarchy, from less advanced to more sophisticated. An in-depth analysis of the students’ conceptions of learning indicated that students held multiple conceptions of u-learning. This study further suggests that inquiry practices (such as allowing open-ended exploration for the learning topic) should be addressed in u-learning activities, as these practices may foster more sophisticated conceptions of u-learning.     

主体间性:透视师生交往的新视角

主体间性是现象学的重要概念,它是指主体与主体之间的相互性和统一性,是两个或多个主体的内在相关性。我们一直提倡教师与学生在民主平等对话的氛围中进行交往,而主体间性正是贯穿于这一过程的重要因子。文章通过对主体间性内涵的解析,并对传统的师生关系进行反思,进而揭示主体间性的师生交往的内涵及特征,从而为进一步研究师生关系提供新的视角。     

Awareness of the backwash effect of assessment: A phenomenographic study of the views of Hong Kong and Swedish lecturers

An effective way to change student learning is to change the form of assessment. This has become known as the backwash effect of assessment. However, academic teachers ways of understanding the role of assessment in student learning are also important. This paper reports a phenomenographic study of the views of the role of assessment amongst Swedish and Hong Kong university teachers. The results are described in eight categories of conceptions, placed within a two-dimensional outcome space. The two dimensions are (1) the relation between teaching and assessment, and (2) the focus of the backwash effect. The results indicate that two features of the described conceptions are critical for changing teachers views of the role of assessment. One is the way one understands the significance of basic knowledge in ones discipline while the other is whether one looks upon the relation between teaching and assessment as being of an internal or external nature. As much research literature points out, to bring about changes in approaches to teaching and learning you must first bring about changes in conceptions of teaching and learning. To utilize assessment to improve student learning, teachers need to be made aware of the need of such improvement and of the role assessment can play in this process. On the basis of research such as that reported in this paper, staff developers could develop workshops or other strategies, which can accomplish this task.     

A phenomenographic investigation of teacher conceptions of student engagement in learning

Internationally, educational stakeholders are concerned with the high levels of student disengagement, evidenced by early school leaving, poor student behaviour, and low levels of academic achievement. The solution, student engagement, is a contested concept, theorised in a variety of different ways within academic literature. To further understand this concept, a phenomenographic study was conducted to map secondary school teachers’ conceptions of student engagement. Six qualitatively different ways of understanding student engagement were found. This research indicates that teachers do not hold similar understandings of what student engagement means. If the concept of engagement is to become educationally fruitful, the term must be more explicitly defined in educational research and government policy documents to promote shared understandings amongst stakeholder groups.     

Teachers' perceptions of the barriers to the implementation of a pedagogic innovation: A South East Asian case study

This paper summarizes the results of a study designed to determine why teachers did not use a teaching approach which was recommended by curriculum planners. The study indicated that teachers assessed the innovation with regard to itsefficiency for covering the syllabus, itscongruency with the expectations of significant others and whether its use entailed anyundesirable consequences. Each of these criteria was directly influenced by the overall need to select pupils in Hong Kong, which was manifested in the importance attached to the public examination. These findings are discussed in the light of available models for explaining how teachers react to innovations and with reference to the strategy of curriculum development utilized in Hong Kong.

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Zusammenfassung Dieser Bericht faßt die Ergebnisse einer Studie zusammen, deren Sinn es war, herauszufinden, warum ein von Curriculumplannern entworfenes Lehrprogramm von den Lehrern nicht benutzt wurde. Die Studie ergab, daß die Lehrer die Innovation hinsichtlich ihrerWirksamkeit bewerteten, den Lehrplan vollständig zu behandeln, ihrerÜbereinstimmung mit den Erwartungen von anderen maßgeblichen Seiten und ob ihre Anwendung irgendwelcheunerwünschte Folgen mit sich brachte. Jedes dieser Kriterien wurde unmittelbar beeinflußt durch das allgemeine Bedürfnis, in Hong Kong Schüler auszuwählen, was sich aus der Bedeutung, die öffentlichen Prüfungen beigemessen wurde, ergeben hatte. Diese Befunde wurden in Hinblick auf verfügbare Modelle diskutiert. Diese sollten der Klärung der Frage dienen, wie Lehrer auf Innovationen und auf Strategien der Curriculumentwicklung in Hong Kong reagieren.

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Résumé Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude menée pour savoir pourquoi les enseignants n'ont pas fait usage d'une approche d'enseignement recommandée par les planificateurs du curriculum. L'étude a révélé que les enseignants ont évalué l'innovation par rapport à son efficacité à respecter le programme, sa conformité aux attentes des autres, et au fait de savoir si non usage entraînait des conséquences inattendues. Chacun de ces critères a été directement influencé par le besoin général de sélectionner des élèves à Hong Kong, besoin qui se manifestait dans l'importance attachée à l'examen du public. Ces résultats sont examinés en vue de trouver des modèles valables permettant d'expliquer pourquoi les enseignants ont telle ou telle réaction envers les innovations et par rapport à la stratégie de développement du curriculum mise en place à Hong Kong.