自我解释与样例学习方式对大学生数学学习的影响

以平均数差异检验为学习材料,探讨自我解释与样例学习方式对数学概念原理掌握和问题解决的影响及其影响的延时效应.结果表明:自我解释能有效地促进概念原理的掌握和问题的解决;教学奈件下的样例学习对远迁移问题的解决具有明显促进作用;自我解释与样例学习方式对大学生数学学习的影响是独立的,没有交互作用;自我解释与教学对大学生数学学习的影响具有延时效应.     

自我解释的研究述评

自我解释是指学习者向自身做出解释,以理解新信息的一种认知活动。研究表明,在学习过程中,自我解释的学习者对学习材料的理解更好,这种现象称为“自我解释效应”。文章从自我解释效应的影响因素,促进自我解释和自我解释的心理机制三个角度出发,回顾了以往关于自我解释的研究。最后,提出了三个有待进一步研究的问题。     

自我解释研究的发展历程及前瞻

自我解释研究是教育心理学的一个较新的研究领域．其历史不足20年。该文从自我解释研究的背景入手,简要介绍了自我解释的内涵和自我解释效应的认知机制,之后分别阐述了以往关于自我解释的研究,最后提出自我解释研究尚待解决的问题。     

对自我解释研究的分析

自我解释是学生在学习过程中自己向自己解释学习内容的知识获得过程。该文解释了“自我解释”的含义、总结了自我解释的类型、比较了几种自我解释产生的认知机制、归纳了影响因素,从而提出了关于自我解释需要进一步研究的未来问题。     

国外有关样例学习的研究

样例学习又叫从例中学,是学习者通过研习样例而习得专家的问题解决方法的一种学习方式。对这一学习方式的研究肇始于20世纪中期认知心理学家对概念形成的研究。从例中学与从做中学相比,前者所需的时间少,有较好的迁移效果,能减轻学生的认知负荷。对样例的设计要注意减轻学生的工作记忆负担,促进知识的整合和迁移。学生对样例的自我解释在样例学习中起着关键作用。     

自我解释学习策略及其应用

自我解释是指学习者在学习或问题解决情境中把学习材料解释给自己,以此力图理解和掌握新知识的活动。自我解释包含了多种有效的认知与元认知学习策略,是学生自主学习的重要体现。将自我解释的理论与实验研究成果推广到我国的教育教学实践中,既可以提高学生在学习数理化等理科课程中的问题解决能力,也可以有效促进学生在课文学习中的阅读理解。     

“自我解释”的类型、影响因素及产生机制

自我解释是一种由自我产生并指向自我的知识建构活动。领域性知识、加工方式、引导角色及激励都会影响自我解释的发生。其产生机制主要有三种模型：空缺填补理论认为自我解释是学生发现自己的知识漏洞并对这些漏洞进行弥补的过程；产生推论及修复心理模型的双加工机制认为自我解释是对不完整文本进行推论和对不完整的心理模型进行修复的过程；拓展情境模式通过比较前两种模式，认为自我解释是修复个人已有的、存在缺陷的领域，在不替代原有心理模型的基础上加速该模型的改变。     

基于解释的协作知识建构过程模型

文章从解释的视角,把协作知识建构看作是学习者在不断进行自我解释和与他人交互解释中建构知识的过程。文章详细描述了协作知识建构过程中各类知识间的转化和传播,并对此过程中知识形态的转化、成员间知识的产生和获取进行了深入分析,最后从计算机支持的角度建立了基于解释的协作知识建构过程模型。     

自我解释策略在网络学习环境中的应用研究

学习过程是通过社会交互、工具使用和反思等进行的知识建构过程.学生在网络学习中,能否高度参与到建构知识的活动中去,对于学生的知识建构和问题解决至关重要.自我解释能够促进学生的知识建构,在网络课程中设计自我解释的支持工具,有利于学生更深入地建构自己对知识的理解,有利于知识整合.     

在网络课程中设计自我解释的支持工具

学习过程是通过社会交互、工具使用和反思等知识建构的过程.学生在网络课程的学习中,能否高度参与到建构知识的活动中去,对于学生的知识建构和问题解决至关重要.自我解释能够促进学生的知识建构,在网络课程中设计自我解释的支持工具,有利于学生更深入地建构自己对知识的理解,有利于知识整合.     

Assisting self-explanation prompts are more effective than open prompts when learning with multiple representations

Learning with multiple representations is usually employed in order to foster understanding. However, it also imposes high demands on the learners and often does not lead to the expected results, especially because the learners do not integrate the different representations. Thus, it is necessary to support the learners’ self-explanation activity, which concerns the integration and understanding of multiple representations. In the present experiment, we employed multi-representational worked-out examples and tested the effects of two types of self-explanation prompts as help procedures for integrating and understanding multiple representations. The participants (N = 62) learned about probability theory under three conditions: (a) open self-explanation prompts, (b) self-explanation prompts in an assistance-giving-assistance-withholding procedure (assisting self-explanation prompts), or (c) no prompts (control group). Both types of self-explanation prompts fostered procedural knowledge. This effect was mediated by self-explanations directed to domain principles. Conceptual knowledge was particularly fostered by assisting self-explanation prompts which was mediated by self-explanations on the rationale of a principle. Thus, for enhancing high-quality self-explanations and both procedural knowledge and conceptual understanding, we conclude that assisting self-explanation prompts should be provided. We call this the assisting self-explanation prompt effect which refers to the elicitation of high-quality self-explanations and the acquisition of deep understanding.     

Coordinating principles and examples through analogy and self-explanation

Research on expertise suggests that a critical aspect of expert understanding is knowledge of the relations between domain principles and problem features. We investigated two instructional pathways hypothesized to facilitate students’ learning of these relations when studying worked examples. The first path is through self-explaining how worked examples instantiate domain principles and the second is through analogical comparison of worked examples. We compared both of these pathways to a third instructional path where students read worked examples and solved practice problems. Students in an introductory physics class were randomly assigned to one of three worked example conditions (reading, self-explanation, or analogy) when learning about rotational kinematics and then completed a set of problem solving and conceptual tests that measured near, intermediate, and far transfer. Students in the reading and self-explanation groups performed better than the analogy group on near transfer problems solved during the learning activities. However, this problem solving advantage was short lived as all three groups performed similarly on two intermediate transfer problems given at test. On the far transfer test, the self-explanation and analogy groups performed better than the reading group. These results are consistent with the idea that self-explanation and analogical comparison can facilitate conceptual learning without decrements to problem solving skills relative to a more traditional type of instruction in a classroom setting.     

Effects of visual cues and self-explanation prompts: empirical evidence in a multimedia environment

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of visual cues and different types of self-explanation prompts on learning, cognitive load, and intrinsic motivation in an interactive multimedia environment that was designed to deliver a computer-based lesson about the human cardiovascular system. A total of 126 college students were randomly assigned in equal numbers (N?=?21) to one of the six conditions in a 2?×?3 factorial design with visual cueing (cueing vs. no cueing) and type of self-explanation prompts (prediction prompts vs. reflection prompts vs. no prompts) as the between-subjects factors. The results revealed that (a) participants presented with cued animations had significantly higher learning outcome scores than their peers who viewed uncued animations, and (b) cognitive load and intrinsic motivation had different impacts on learning outcomes due to the moderation effect of cueing. The results suggest that the cues may not only enhance learning, but also indirectly impact learning, cognitive load, and intrinsic motivation.     

样例学习认知负荷理论的研究及其展望

文章回顾了样例学习研究的起源与发展,主要介绍了其理论依据——认知负荷理论,并分别围绕外在认知负荷、内在认知负荷以及相关认知负荷介绍了最新国内外样例学习的设计方法:材料的整合、子目标、不完整样例、错误样例、诱发自我解释问题、多种解题方法比较等,最后在现有研究成果上指出样例学习研究的发展趋势和有待进一步解决的问题。     

Lessening the Load of Misconceptions: Design-Based Principles for Algebra Learning

The current study examined the effectiveness of self-explanation prompts, visual signaling cues, and a combination of the two features on middle school students’ (N = 202) algebra learning. Also explored were the differential effects of features for students with faulty conceptual knowledge (evidenced by a higher prevalence of making errors during problem solving) on learning. That is, we assessed whether students who make prevalent conceptual errors predictive of algebra performance differentially benefit from design features. Participants were randomly assigned to complete 1 of 4 sets of worked example assignments supplemented with self-explanation prompts (n = 51), visual signaling cues (n = 49), both features (n = 51), or neither feature (n = 51). Worked examples supplemented with either self-explanation prompts or signaling cues led to greater learning from pre- to posttest in comparison to the worked example control, with practically meaningful effects. The effect of assignments supplemented with signaling cues was moderated by error prevalence. Those who made errors more frequently demonstrating misunderstanding of algebraic concepts (e.g., the meaning of a coefficient) benefited significantly more from visual signaling cues alone than self-explanation prompts alone or control assignments. These findings highlight the importance of considering differential effects of design features when used in combination or in isolation, particularly for struggling students.     

Training Interventions to Foster Skill and Will of Argumentative Thinking

Argumentative thinking requires not only the skill to apply argumentative strategies such as supporting theories with evidence but also the will to apply these strategies by considering argumentative thinking to be both reasonable and worthwhile. Focusing on direct instruction for the initial acquisition of both skill and will, we developed a new short-term computer-based training intervention. We tested its effects on learning processes and learning outcomes in an experimental study with 147 German high school students. Our intervention fostered facets of both skill (i.e. a declarative knowledge about argumentation) and will (i.e., epistemic orientation, intellectual values, and epistemic knowledge). We gained additional insights into learning mechanisms, such as the mediating effects of the learners' self-explanation activities and the advantage of addressing will before skill.     

Exploring the effects of integrating self-explanation into a multi-user game on the acquisition of scientific concepts

The purpose of this study was to examine the impacts of embedding collaboration into a game with a self-explanation design for supporting the acquisition of light and shadow concepts. The participants were 184 fourth graders who were randomly assigned to three conditions: a solitary mode of the game with self-explanation, a collaborative mode with self-explanation, or the control condition of a single-user game without integrating self-explanation. Students' conceptual understanding was measured through an immediate posttest and a retention test with a three-week delay. Further, students' engagement in answering the prompts was also investigated. The findings showed that having students collaboratively play science-based games with a self-explanation design embedded was not sufficient to help them learn the science concepts. Rather, it was the level of engagement in responding to the self-explanation prompts that mattered.