文本解析的专业化

文本是用辞章来表现的,脱离不开“思维系统”或“意象系统”之牢笼,因此文本之分析,便与此一系统之专业化研究息息相关.而思维力乃语文能力之母,是出之于先天(先验)的,如就顺向的“写作”,着眼于“由意而象”而言,所呈现的为“(○)一、二、多”的逻辑结构;如就逆向的“阅读”,着眼于“由象而意”来说,所呈现的是“多、二、一(○)...     

论语文课审美教育之手段

语课实施审美教育的手段及其作用，可作这样的概括；美读－让学生感受情感美；道路－让学生体思美，入境－让学生理解意蕴美，悟－让学生领悟语言美，勤笔－让学生借鉴学美。     

语言逻辑视域中话语规则的句法意义及展开与深化

句法是制约着句子组合合法性的规则,即组词成句的规则。话语句法规则的意义既是语义学关注的内容,也是语用学的考察对象。在言语交际过程中,人们把握话语规则:一方面能够帮助人们认知句子在生成过程中的规律、规则;另一方面也能够帮助人们掌握话语的基本表达式在不同语境中的动态变化。所以,在语言逻辑视域中,话语规则的句法意义及其展开与深化,更能够帮助人们加深对语言与认识密切关系的研究。文章在分析言语交际与话语规则的基础上,论述了语言逻辑视域中话语规则的句法意义,以及这种句法意义的展开与深化在语言认知中的重要作用。     

写作与二语习得

写作历史性地被认为只是口语的记载,是一种为记录和传播口语而出现的现代发明,并长期被排斥于应用语言学研究的边缘。这种偏见因而造成了二语习得研究对写作的忽视。事实上,写作作为一种语言输出形式,是与口语输出同样重要的有效交际行为,能在二语学习过程中减轻面对面交际给学习者带来的心理压力,并有助于语言知识的内化。网络电子邮件的出现更突显了写作在二语习得中的作用。因此,如何利用写作来促进二语学习应成为二语习得研究的一个重点。     

FORM AND STRUCTURE OF CHINESE CHARACTERS AND CHILDREN��S UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE

The written representation in Chinese can be considered as a pictorial or a symbolic representation which is very different from English where the pronunciation is related to how the word is spelt. Students face challenges of a very different nature when science is learnt in Chinese compared with English. In Hong Kong, students are making translations between the language they use in their daily lives, the science concepts and the scientific terms. The research team designed an interview protocol for primary school pupils in order to identify the pupils’ alternative concepts of science and if these alternative concepts are related to the structure of the Chinese language. The findings suggest that there are alternative conceptions related to (a) the form of the Chinese character—for example, the Chinese character for crocodile includes a radical meaning fish, and so pupils may take it that a crocodile is a fish; (b) the meaning of the Chinese character—for example, an electronic buzzer is a device used to attract bees as in Chinese, the character contains the word meaning “bees producing sound”. The findings provide important data for future endeavours aiming to compare the learning of science using different languages and on ways in which primary teachers may better facilitate their pupils in learning science.     

Early writing development: kindergarten teachers’ beliefs about emergent writing in Qatari preschool settings

Writing often begins during the very early years of childhood; however, some children first learn writing when they begin attending school. Teachers’ beliefs about early writing development can influence when and how children learn to write. The purpose of this study was to determine kindergarten teachers’ beliefs about the development of children’s emergent writing in Qatari preschool settings. A 30-item questionnaire was completed by 93 kindergarten teachers with a range of qualifications, years of teaching experience, areas of specialisation, and preschool teaching level. They were selected from private and government-funded schools in Doha. The questionnaire consisted of four components: mechanisms of writing, concepts of writing, conventions of writing, and composing. The questionnaire responses indicated that teachers hold positive beliefs regarding most emergent writing components, with concepts of writing receiving the highest mean score, followed by mechanisms of writing. The results also revealed statistically significant differences among teachers due to a number of study variables. Based on these findings, the researchers offered a number of suggestions and recommendations aimed at promoting children’s emergent writing in Qatari preschool settings and similar contexts.     

Developing and Improving: A Study of the Middle School Students' Writing Ability in the Second Language Education

With the development and advancement of social and cultural communication between China and other countries in the world,the second language education is very popular with Chinese people.And usually,it will take the young for nearly16 years to learn a second language,especially English.Most of them learn English from primary school until university.Besides having routine English classes at school,they also pay extra time and money to learn English in their spare time in many training companies.And now,English education has already become an industry in China and some training companies such as New Oriental English,are familiar to common people.And a crucial problem is that,after so many years of hard work,most of them are even having basic writing difficulties.The systemic and effective teaching method of writing in a second language education in China is being researched.This thesis attempts to cultivate the students’subjective initiative in second language education activities,raise the students’learning consciousness,and enhance their lasting interests in learning so as to reach the goal to improve the students’writing ability in second language education.     

Adults who learn differently: Help through a volunteer literacy program

In adult literacy programs today, well-intentioned but inadequately prepared volunteer tutors are being matched with learning disabled adult students without the benefit of receiving training from experts in the field of language/learning disabilities. The collaboration of adult literacy providers and learning specialists is obviously the most resourceful, yet most untried, solution to a problem that is plaguing volunteer-based programs across the country: meeting the needs of learning disabled adults. One adult literacy program—READ/San Diego of the San Diego Public Library—recognized that its volunteer tutors needed training in special instructional methods to teach adults who evidence learning disabilities. Accordingly, the program’s administrator obtained the services of specialists to develop a learning disabilities tutor-training module. This article (1) presents an overview of preservice volunteer training at READ/San Diego; (2) discusses informal assessment procedures that help identify possible language/learning disabilities in adults and provide valuable information for instructional planning; and (3) describes selected multisensory teaching techniques designed especially for adults who “learn differently.”     

Cohesion and the social construction of meaning in the essays of filipino college students writing in l2 english

This study compares the degree of cohesion and coherence in the essays written by thirty Filipino college freshmen and analyzes how the social construction of meaning was made evident in their writing. Results showed that low, mid and highly rated essays were comparable in grammatical cohesive device use. Lexical repetition and use of synonyms were the most common means of establishing lexical cohesion. The findings suggest that second language writers with shared socio-cultural backgrounds utilize similar linguistic and textual resources in meaning construction, highlighting the socio-cognitive nature of writing practices and how literacy is a social act (Ramanathan & Kaplan, 2000). The students’ lexicogrammatical choices reflect the interrelationship of language and culture. Implications for second language pedagogy accounting for learners’ sociolinguistic backgrounds are discussed.     

Benefits of multisensory structured language instruction for at-risk foreign language learners: A comparison study of high school Spanish students

In this study, the benefits of multisensory structured language (MSL) instruction in Spanish were examined. Participants were students in high-school-level Spanish attending girls’ preparatory schools. Of the 55 participants, 39 qualified as at-risk for foreign language learning difficulties and 16 were deemed not-at-risk. The at-risk students were assigned to one of three conditions: (1) MSL—multisensory Spanish instruction in self-contained classrooms (n=14); (2) SC—traditional Spanish instruction provided in self-contained classrooms (n=11); and (3) NSC—traditional Spanish instruction in regular (not self-contained) Spanish classes (n=14). Not-at-risk students (n=16) received traditional Spanish instruction in regular classes similar to the instruction provided to the NSC group. All three at-risk groups made significant gains over time on some native language skills regardless of teaching method. The MSL group also made significant gains on a foreign language aptitude measure. The MSL group and the not-at-risk group made greater gains than the two other at-risk groups on foreign language aptitude and native language measures of reading comprehension, word recognition, and pseudoword reading. Although most at-risk learners achieved an “expected” level of foreign language proficiency after two years of instruction, significant group differences were found. On measures of oral and written foreign language proficiency, the MSL and not-at-risk groups scored significantly higher than the at-risk groups instructed using traditional methods. After two years of Spanish instruction, no differences in foreign language proficiency were found between the MSL group and the not-at-risk group.     

Writing and writers: the perceptions of young children and their parents

Over the past three decades early writing research has focused on the processes involved as children learn to write. There is now a powerful evidence base to show that children’s earliest discoveries about written language are learned through active engagement with their social and cultural worlds. In addition, the idea of writing development as an emergent process is well established. The study reported in this paper adopted case study methodology combined with an age-appropriate data collection technique in order to explore children’s perceptions of themselves as writers. A focused task using a hand puppet called Baby Bear was used to elicit children’s perceptions. The children’s parents were interviewed to elicit their perceptions of their children as writers. This small-scale exploratory study found that the children had clear perceptions about themselves as writers. There were important links between parents’ perceptions of their children as writers and the ethos for writing they created in the home. It was found that, overall, more positive parental perceptions were linked with more attention to the meaning of children’s writing. It is concluded that early years settings could usefully identify and compare children’s and parents’ perceptions of writing in order to enhance children’s writing development.     

“真”与“思想”

弗雷格的思想论在其逻辑哲学中占有极其重要的地位。弗雷格的思想论的基本内容大致概括为：思想是真的载体,是可以言真的领域。思想的最主要性质是其客观性和抽象性,思想是处于本体论的地位,思想可以通过语言来表达自己,而断定句是思想的主要表现形式,思想就是断定句的意义,以及弗雷格对思想和语言关系的深入分析,对于逻辑哲学的重要意义。     

Reading during sentence composing and error correction: A multilevel analysis of the influences of task complexity

In this study we investigated the role of reading, how writers coordinate editing with other writing processes. In particular, the experiment examines how the cognitive demands of sentence composing and the type of error influence the reading and writing performance. We devised an experimental writing task in which participants corrected an embedded error (orthographic near-neighbors or far-neighbors) and completed a sentence (using 1 or 3 context words)—in either order. Data were collected by logging keystrokes and recording eye-movements. The results revealed that both error and sentence complexity influenced the approach to error-correcting. Participants generally completed the partial sentence first, and then corrected the error (approximately 90% of the items). Task complexity reinforced this tendency. Moreover, in most of these cases, the error was fixated at least once prior to sentence completion. This suggests that the error was detected (at least partially), but the correction response was inhibited. The differences in cognitive load also affect the reading activity during planning. This investigation illustrates how the interplay of two task factors, error and sentence complexity, appears to influence how writers coordinate error-correcting with sentence composing.     

译意 译情 译美——论文言文英译之三步曲

文言文是中华民族的祖先经过几千年的提炼留下的文化精华,是我们了解历史,学习古代文化,欣赏古代文学,研究古代文明的一把钥匙。作为文化传播桥梁的译者,更有责任和义务把这一文明发扬光大,让全世界都对中国古代文化有一个更加清晰的认识。本文从译意、译情、译美的角度探讨了文言文英译的三个步骤,认为译者应该在忠实传达原文风貌的基础上,最大限度地提高译文对目的语读者的可读性和可接受性。     

Shaping at the point of utterance: an investigation of the composing processes of the deaf student writer

All writers face the challenge of making meaning on a blank page. They struggle to make meaning for themselves and to communicate this meaning to the potential readers of their texts. Although, in this way, the act of writing can be perceived as a solitary endeavor, the activity of writing, as one aspect of literacy development, is embedded in a sociocultural framework and must be considered not only from the perspective of an individual's mental functioning but from the social context in which it exists. What follows is a preliminary report from a larger case study examining the composing processes of four deaf student writers. This broader study aspires to the goal of sociocultural research, which is to understand the relationship between human mental functioning, on one hand and cultural historical and institutional settings, on the other (Wertsch, 1995). From such a perspective, individual mental processes and sociocultural setting are understood in terms of this relationship, and human action is understood in the context of interrelated moments. I focus on one 'moment' of the writing process that I will term, to borrow a phrase from Stephen Krashen (1977) and James Britton (1978), 'shaping at the point of utterance.' In other words, I will explore what deaf writers do as they face the 'challenge of the blank page.'     

Why School English Needs a ‘Good Enough’ Grammatics (and Not More Grammar)

At the dawn of a national curriculum for English in Australia, grammar has appeared without any serious interrogation of the terms of its re-entry and against ambiguous evidence about its value for teaching writing. What kinds of knowledge about language do teachers need in rhetorically productive teaching? This article investigates the potential of Halliday’s notion of grammatics for understanding students’ writing as acts of meaning in context. Drawing on systemic-functional linguistics, I show how teachers can assess writing achievement using ‘big picture’ tools like genre, register and ‘small picture’ tools like Expansion. I apply these tools to two student texts that call for attention to creative uses of language and to excursions and to difficulties with logic and coherence. The paper concludes that a ‘good enough’ grammatics will enable teachers to recognize playful developments in students’ texts and also to foster their control of literate discourse.     

维吾尔、哈萨克族学生汉语错别字问题分析与对策

维吾尔、哈萨克族学生习得汉语时，常常因为发音错误、字词意义不清、增减偏旁部首导致错别字。纠正错别字的教学方法有：重视发音训练；让学生牢记和理解汉字的字形、字义；营造良好的语言环境等。     

浅谈小学习作教学的几个策略

习作是小学生语文基础知识掌握情况和文字表达能力的综合反映。激发学生习作兴趣和提高写作能力乃当务之急。本文针对小学语文习作教学谈了几个策略:积累材料,丰富语言表达;用好教材,学习习作方法;丰富生活,捕捉习作材料;赏识习作,找到习作成就感。     

论《零作坊》中的消极写作

迟子建的小说一直以其柔婉的风格和北国的地域特色吸引着人们,可在近作《零作坊》中却一反常态,无论是人物性格逻辑、故事逻辑、作者的情感投入、作品的意旨、甚至语言习惯等方面都存在过多的变异,联系当前小说创作的不良风潮,这一现象及由它带来的影响值得深思。