法国的科技体制改革及其借鉴意义

法国原有的科技体制与中国的比较接近，研究法国的科技体制改革和发展，对于改革和完善我国的科技体制具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。本文从科技管理体系、科研体系、技术转移三个方面对法国的科技体制改革进行了研究，并针对我国科技体制中存在的问题提出了相应的对策。     

高等院校科技体制改革的特殊性问题

笔者在《符合现代科技和经济规律的新型科技体制探讨》［‘1一文中，讨论了新型科技体制需要符合的科技规律和市场经济规律及其对科技体制改革的要求，并讨论了新型科技体制的构建框架。本文在文［互］的基础上，研究探讨高校科技体制改革的特殊性问题。高校科技是国家科技战线的一支重要方面军。高校科技体制改革是我国科技体制改革的一个重要方面。我国科技体制改革的方向、方针、原则和政策当然毫无例外地适用于指导高校科技体制的改革。但是我们必须看到，高校科技工作的内容有许多不同于其他科技部门和科研单位的特点，这些特点决定了…     

我盟科研所（站）改革需解决好的几个问题

全盟科技工作会明确提出要深化科技体制改革,逐步建立适应社会主义市场经济体制和科技自身发展规律的新型科技体制,而作为科技体制改革重点的科研所（站）,如何深化内部改革,如何实现由科研型向科研经营型、向技术推广站方向转变,是科技、农牧林水机等部门和科技人员...     

企业化:科研院所改革的方向

根据<国务院关于"九五"期间深化科技体制改革的决定>,到本世纪末,我国科技体制改革的目标是:建立起适应社会主义市场经济和科技自身发展规律的新型科技体制.这就意味着除少数单位外,大多数科研院所将在本世纪的最后二年内,由国家财政拨款,逐步过渡到自主经营、自负盈亏的经济实体.通过改革,初步建立起符合社会主义市场经济体制和科技自身发展规律的新型科技体制框架,形成科研、开发、生产、市场紧密结合的运行机制.     

在推进科技长入经济过程中不断提高经济效益

在推进科技长入经济过程中不断提高经济效益陆志兴张亚丁一、十年改革的简要回顾以中共中央《关于科学技术体制改革的决定》发表为标志，我国的科技体制改革进入了一个崭新的阶段，科技体制一步步向适应社会主义市场经济体制和科技自身发展规律的新体制转变，科技与经济结...     

建立社会主义市场经济条件下大港油田新型科技体制初探

本文在分析大港油田现行科技体制和所面临形势的基础上，认真分析了为适应油田改革和发展的形势进行科技体制改革的有利条件，提出了社会主义市场经济条件下大港油田新的科技体制的框架构想，明确了油田科技体制改革的基本思路。     

满则盈 导则流—一论科技人员分流重组的几个问题

科技体制改革之初人们就清楚地认识到，旧体制的主要弊病是科技与生产脱节．不利于科学技术面向经济建设，束缚了科技人员的智慧和创造才能的发挥。1985年邓小平同志在全国科技工作会议上曾指出：“改革经济体制最重要的，我最关心的是人才。改革科技体制．我最关     

科技体制研究中的一个分析框架

如何评价科技体制及其改革是科技政策界关注的热点之一。文章从比较制度学的角度提出了一个研究科技体制的框架，将体制运作的实际效果同战略目标之间的吻合程度作为评价体制成就与有效性的一个标准，进而用这一框架对我国改革前后的科技体制进行了分析比较。     

面向科技强国的科技评价制度需要科技体制的结构性变革

习近平总书记在2016年"科技三会"上发出建设世界科技强国的号召。建设世界科技强国不仅需要资源要素的支撑,更需要有将这些要素进行合理配置的制度安排,需要新的模式来激发新的创造力。其中,对评价制度的改革在寻找科技体制新模式的改革关键举措中具有基础性作用。为此,回顾过去,文章从科技体制与科技评价的关系视角重新审视这一问题,从回归科技评价的本源出发,探究科技评价异化的体制问题。相应地,面向未来,文章从改革主线、改革结构、评价体系3个方面提出推动以科技创新为核心的科技体制改革建议,为建成百年科技强国提供政策依据。     

科技体制的系统性与系统性科技体制改革

作为科技系统表现形式的科技体制必然呈现出系统的一般特征或特性──科技体制的系统性。其内容包括：整体性、结构功能性、层次性、相对稳定性、以及动态开放性等。文章在揭示科技体制的上述特性基础上，分别提出了整体性科技体制改革观、结构功能性科技体制改革观、层次性科技体制改革观、相对稳定性科技体制改革观，以及动态开放性科技体制改革观──统称其为系统性科技体制改革观。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Our Own Devices: Heterotopic Communication, Discourse, and Culture in the Information Society 1

The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests.