运用新课程理念,培养学生"自主学习"

新课程理念是通过改革教学方法,给每一个学生提供平等的学习机会,让每一位学生以轻松愉快的心理去学习,去了解科学探究的基本过程和方法,并逐步形成科学探究能力、合作精神和社会责任感。"自主学习"是指以学生自主的学习为主,通过对信息的自主开发,培养学生的独立学习和自主探索的能力。运用新课程理念,创设动态的、开放的、主动的、涉及多种媒体的信息为学习对象,有利于培养学生"自主学习"。     

高职“组织胚胎学”教学改革中的探索与实践

"组织胚胎学"是一门重要的形态学基础医学课程。在新的高职医学教育模式下,根据卫生部、教育部提出的高职教育新理念,调整教学内容,优化教学过程,更改考核方式,可有效地提高学生的学习兴趣,增强学生学习专业基础知识的热情,为以后的临床专业知识学习打下良好的医学基础。     

Knowledge management for multi-assessment portfolios

This paper presents the results of a project conducted under the Greenfield Coalition concerning the development of an e-portfolio (a digital version of portfolios) assessment system. The goal of the system is to support student, course, instructor and curriculum assessment to enable continuous improvement of the educational process through the development of portfolios for each of them. In designing this system two areas of concern were identified: the development of an architecture for an easily maintainable system for structuring assessment portfolios and whether the system would be easy enough for first-year students to use. Two experiments were conducted to resolve these issues and verify that the architecture under development is proceeding appropriately. Toassure that the resulting system can properly structure and display the portfolios, a set of student and course data was entered into the system. Pages demonstrating the students' progress toward a course objective were automatically generated. To affirm that the mechanism identified for collecting the data is appropriate, a year-long digital portfolio collection was undertaken. Students submitted their coursework and supporting documents to a web server and used it to create their portfolio. Student reaction to the system was favourable. This project leads us to believe that the suggested architecture holds promise and merits continued development.     

构建"互评互学"组织模式提高课堂合作学习效率

"互评互学"的教学模式是以现代的学习观和交往理论为指导,遵循主体性、合作性、激励性、有效性、互动性原则,从优化学习环境和优化学习过程入手建构的一种提高语文课堂合作学习效率的组织模式,它突出了师生之间、生生之间的信息传递与交往,能够显现小组成员互帮互学互评的作用,实现课堂的多维互动.     

The ‘no problem’ Discourse model: Exploring an alternative way of researching student learning

In this paper we explore an alternative way of characterising the student learning experience, drawing on sociocultural perspectives on learning. Here, learning is not merely the application of an approach to a cognitive task, but a social process of identity formation. In particular, we draw on Gee's concept of Discourse models to identify the implicit theories students use to make sense of their learning and assessment experiences. From interviews with third year engineering students, we identified what we termed the ‘no problem Discourse model’, in which students construct an upbeat portrayal of their experience of a course, despite experiencing crises induced by assessment events. Through a process of justification the seriousness of the crisis is denied. This Discourse model appears to have its roots in a popular Discourse of self-actualization. There was evidence of co-construction of this model during the student learning interviews. This suggests implications for the roles that teachers can play in either maintaining or challenging the Discourse models that are adopted by students.     

Assessment for learning as support for student self-regulation

Assessment for learning (AfL) is integral to teaching and learning, and has as its central foci (i) pedagogical intervention in the immediacy of student learning, and (ii) the students’ agency in the learning and assessment process. The role that students adopt in AfL is consistent with the idea of self-regulated learning, which involves students as metacognitively, motivationally, and behaviorally active agents in their own learning. Through an analysis of an extended sequence of classroom interaction for the purpose of obtaining evidence of learning, this paper demonstrates that self-regulation is supported through a temporary process of co-regulation between teacher and student in the context of AfL. Co-regulation is a construct derived from Vygotsky’s concept of socially mediated learning, and the neo-Vygotskian perspective on human learning as a culturally based communicative process, through which knowledge is shared and constructed. Specific features of co-regulation illustrated through the analyses presented in the paper are (i) goal orientation, a focus on the learning to be achieved; (ii) scaffolding, the assistance the teacher provides to achieve a goal that is currently beyond students’ unassisted efforts; (iii) intersubjectivity, a shared understanding based on a common focus of attention; (iv) the active construction of knowledge by students, rather than transference of knowledge from the teacher to the student; and (v) temporary support, provided through scaffolding and other external supports that students can ultimately appropriate as their own.     

Enhancing the portability of employability skills using e-portfolios

Transferable skills are essential in allowing graduates to make the transition between the world of learning and the world of work. Teaching these skills, however, is a challenge that institutions of higher learning are still grappling with. This article describes how the transferability of skills can be encouraged using e-portfolios. It is based on a review of a skills course taught to first-year undergraduate economics students. Google sites were used by students to develop platforms of reflection and evidence their skills development. The approach used included bolt-on and embedded methods. The sites developed by students are reviewed alongside post-module focus group discussions. We find that the embedded approach is more effective in enhancing transference. We also find that e-portfolios provide a relevant platform and context for the development of transferable skills. The assessment aspect of the portfolio also provides the incentive to transfer.     

Students' conceptions of learning in an engineering context

Research on student learning in higher education has highlighted the central role that students' conceptions of learning play in influencing their approaches to learning. This article reports on a study of conceptions of learning among engineering students on a one-year foundation course. Students were interviewed about their conceptions of learning at three intervals during their academic year. The data was analysed using a phenomenographic perspective and from the data five qualitatively different conceptions of learning were identified. The resulting characterisation of these conceptions of learning is presented using excerpts from the interviews and some implications for student learning are discussed.     

Does using e-portfolios for reflective writing enhance high school students’ self-regulated learning?

The study aims to examine whether reflective writing using e-portfolios enhances high school students’ self-regulated learning. Participants included two classes of eighth-graders majoring in Information Processing and taking a course called ‘Website Design’ at a vocational high school in Taiwan. There were 41 students, with 18 males and 23 females. The experiment lasted 10 weeks, and students used e-portfolios to reflect on their learning. The results showed that students after using e-portfolios to reflect on their learning had significantly better self-regulated learning than before. This indicates that using e-portfolios for reflection enhanced self-regulated learning. It also shows that high-reflection students had significantly better self-regulated learning than moderate-reflection and low-reflection students, which implies that reflective performance had a significantly positive effect on self-regulated learning.     

Preservice teachers' learning experiences of constructing e-portfolios online

This one-year case study reports on the effectiveness and value of electronic portfolios (e-portfolios) from the preservice teachers' perspectives. Using surveys and selected interviews, the study explored how 38 preservice teachers' understanding of the e-portfolios evolved as they completed their elementary teacher education program. Respondents reported that, after using the e-portfolios, they were stimulated to engage in reflective practices, to develop effective learning strategies, and to gain as well as review technology skills. Respondents also indicated frustrations and challenges involved when creating their first e-portfolios. Implications regarding the findings are discussed.     

A model for using a concept inventory as a tool for students' assessment and faculty professional development

This essay describes how the use of a concept inventory has enhanced professional development and curriculum reform efforts of a faculty teaching community. The Host Pathogen Interactions (HPI) teaching team is composed of research and teaching faculty with expertise in HPI who share the goal of improving the learning experience of students in nine linked undergraduate microbiology courses. To support evidence-based curriculum reform, we administered our HPI Concept Inventory as a pre- and postsurvey to approximately 400 students each year since 2006. The resulting data include student scores as well as their open-ended explanations for distractor choices. The data have enabled us to address curriculum reform goals of 1) reconciling student learning with our expectations, 2) correlating student learning with background variables, 3) understanding student learning across institutions, 4) measuring the effect of teaching techniques on student learning, and 5) demonstrating how our courses collectively form a learning progression. The analysis of the concept inventory data has anchored and deepened the team's discussions of student learning. Reading and discussing students' responses revealed the gap between our understanding and the students' understanding. We provide evidence to support the concept inventory as a tool for assessing student understanding of HPI concepts and faculty development.     

Response groups as learning resources when working with portfolios

This article, based on the guidance of 17 teacher education students during their final term, presents the theoretical framework, procedures and results of an extensive experiment with portfolio assessment combined with peer tutoring. A recent reform programme in higher education in Norway has as one of its aims to improve the quality of teaching and better facilitate learning in universities and university colleges. One important aspect of the reform programme is to encourage greater diversity in student assessment, and to establish a closer link between the learning process and the methods of examination. Following up on those intentions, the students are encouraged to work more systematically on written texts as a strategy for learning, accompanied by responses to their drafts offered by the course tutors. The idea of portfolio assessment is central in the reform programme, as also is the concept of reflection. During a term 17 student teachers worked regularly in peer groups giving responses to each other's drafts, which also included separate reflection papers related to their work in the response groups. This way of working seems to have had a positive impact on their learning both as students and as a basis for their further development as professional teachers.     

Creative Authenticity: A Framework for Supporting the Student Self in Design Education

This article introduces a pedagogical approach in design education referenced as creative authenticity. Creative authenticity is defined as an ongoing process of learning to create through intrinsically motivated, self-aware and self-affirming actions and rationales. The concept is grounded in Constructivist learning theory, Postmodernist views of pluralism and cultural position, Anthony Giddens’ theory of reflexive identities, and scholarship on intrinsic motivation in learning. This ideology seeks to personalise the learning experience for each student in ways that are meaningful to their person, not just useful to the design industry, at large. This conversation proposes four samples of methodology by which to infuse creative authenticity into curriculum as a starting point for shaking off implicit biases; focusing on student learning and growth; initiating meaningful and empowering discussions; and redefining success through collaborative and participatory educational design. This work promotes teaching with creative authenticity as a foundation to help students realise their strengths through their ever-evolving identities. In a broader context, authenticity in education supports marginalised groups to see themselves, their histories and their experiences authentically reflected in their education and work.     

以SOLO分类为基础的学生学习质量评价初探

以SOLO分类为基础的学生学习质量评价，将教育目标表述为对学生学习能力的要求，以测验的方式了解学生解决问题时表现出的认知发展水平。它不局限于考察学生掌握知识的量和类型，而是重视评价学生学习效果的质量。SOLO分类用结构特征解释学生对问题的五种结构反应，通过学生的反应与教师预设的教学目标的比较，分析影响学生学习效果的因素，为教师改进教学提供依据，帮助不同认知水平的学生在他们自身的基础上提高。     

Staff student partnership in assessment: enhancing assessment literacy through democratic practices

In recent years, research and practice focused on staff and students working in partnership to co-design learning and teaching in higher education has increased. However, within staff–student partnerships a focus on assessment is relatively uncommon, with fewer examples evident in the literature. In this paper, we take the stance that all assessment can be oriented for learning, and that students’ learning is enhanced by improving their level of assessment literacy. A small study in a Scottish university was undertaken that involved a range of different adaptations to assessment and feedback, in which students were invited to become partners in assessment. We argue that a partnership approach, designed to democratise the assessment process, not only offered students greater agency in their own and their peers’ learning, but also helped students to enhance their assessment literacy. Although staff and students reported experiencing a sense of risk, there was immense compensation through increased motivation, and a sense of being part of an engaged learning community. Implications for partnership in assessment are discussed and explored further. We assert that adopting staff–student partnership in assessment and more democratic classroom practices can have a wide range of positive benefits.     

科学应对考试策略的探讨

学生参加学业考试是学习过程的重要组成部分,也是考查学生学习效果、评价学业成绩以及检验学习方法成效的重要体现,需要每位学生具备科学地准备考试、参加考试的应对策略。     

Integrating communities of practice in e-portfolio assessment: Effects and experiences of mutual assessment in an online course

This study investigated the effects and experiences of a mutual assessment framework (CoPf) in an online graduate course at a mid-west university. CoPf was integrated into the course structure as an innovative application of the standard e-portfolio assessment tool. Using a mixed method, the study first explored the effects of CoPf compared to the standard e-portfolio in relation to the promotion of revisions to students' work, students' final course grades, and interactions both between the students and the instructor and among students. Qualitative analysis was then conducted to inquire the students' experiences in the CoPf course and how they perceived these experiences. Findings from the data analysis were presented and the contributions/implications of the study were discussed.     

Introducing e-portfolios to pre-service teachers as tools for reflection and growth: lessons learnt

E-portfolios are being introduced into initial teacher education programmes internationally to help pre-service teachers build records of their learning journeys and develop into reflective practitioners; to allow them to assemble collections of evidence of their achievements against graduate standards, which can function as digital CVs; and to facilitate the seeding of personal learning networks that will support lifelong learning after graduation. Despite certain tensions between these aims, the potential benefits of e-portfolios make them an increasingly popular choice in teacher education. In this article, we discuss the introduction of Wi-Fi-based e-portfolios into a Master of Teaching programme at an Australian university. These served primarily as developmental e-portfolios, or personal learning environments (PLEs), and were designed to place particular emphasis on reflective practice. We describe how the e-portfolios were perceived and used by pre-service teachers in the first year of their implementation, and indicate the challenges and limitations encountered. Lessons learnt from the implementation are outlined and recommendations are proposed.     

大学英语合作学习评估模式探索

大学英语合作学习是一种培养学生自主学习能力的教学策略。对它的过程和效果的评估需要新型的评估手段和具体可行的操作模式,即形成性评估与终结性评估相结合,学生自我评估与教师评估相结合,并特别重视行为表现评估。     

Promoting teachers’ instructional practices in alternative assessment through teacher collaboration

This paper reports the findings of a study which aims to examine the processes and effectiveness of the collaboration between teachers in their professional learning which some Singapore schools are currently engaged in. The learning process attempted to raise the profile of teacher professionalism in classroom alternative assessment through action research. A total of nine schools participated in this two-year study. Participants included teachers and school leaders. Guided by a university researcher and supported by a cluster superintendent and school leaders, the collaboration helped familiarise teachers with alternative ways of assessing student learning, connect theories with practice in their classroom assessment, and acquire the skills of doing research. Facilitated by a structure that supports the development of partnerships between teachers from different schools, the collaboration focused on teachers working on a common task. The data reveal how teachers took ownership of their own learning through this process and led their peers in their respective schools in curriculum customisation through alternative assessment practices. Such an education reform process, which has driven the effectiveness of the collaborative teacher learning in promoting teachers’ instructional practices, is analysed from four dimensions, namely, (a) macro level (systemic reform), (b) school level (school improvement plans), (c) teacher level (teacher community), and (d) micro level (classroom level). This paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges in sustaining teacher collaboration across schools in Singapore.