日语“自主/致使”位移动词的自他接辞形态及其语义特征——基于位移事件表达的类型学视角

日语以自他动词接辞形态转换的形式区分路径要素相同的自移事件和致移事件。这种接辞形态转换可以划分为他动化、非他动化及中立化三种类型。自移与致移的形态标记在语义上表现出自移动词具有较高的“意志性”;致移动词具有较高的“受影响性”。在路径要素的编码方式上自移动词既有完全融入型编码,也会有不完全融入型编码;而致移动词则较多呈现出完全融入型的编码方式。考察不同位移事件类型中同一路径要素编码方式的差异性,可以为我们以形态标记的有标性探讨位移事件的语言类型学特征提供新的视角。     

江苏方言与彝语支位移事件的背景语序轨层

背景语序类型在位移事件研究中未得到足够重视。对语序变化丰富、兼具OV/VO混合特征的江苏等地方言和彝语支等藏缅语的考察,有助于我们更好理解背景的语序类型特征。从本文构建的轨层结构来看,动作发生处所和存在处所居VP层之外,经由、方向、源点、自移终点和致移终点居VP层之内,处在处所、滞留终点和滞留处所可居外亦可居内。     

物体的运动速度求解探讨

如果一个物体做比较简单的有规律的运动,比如匀速直线运动、匀变速直线运动等,我们可以根据相应运动规律的数学表达式求解,如果物体的运动不是有规律的简单的运动,如何求解物体的运动速度呢?运动的合成与分解是求解这类问题的基本方法,"微移法"也是解决这类问题的方法之一.用运动的合成与分解法求解就是将一个复杂的运动分解为两个有规律的简单的运动,根据分运动的运动规律求出分运动的速度、加速度、位移,然后应用平行四边形定则求出合运动(实际运动)的速度、加     

物理公式与数学公式的区别

在物理学中物理规律一般都可用数学形式表示,即所谓“公式”,但它又与纯数学公式有所不同。下面谈几点看法。首先,物理规律的数学表达式不能简单视为“数学公式 物理意义”。对数学表达式中各量给以明确的物理意义仅仅是掌握物理规律的第一步,举一个简单的例子:     

关于机床夹具设计中定位误差分析计算的讨论

在机床夹具设计中,经常需要进行定位误差的分析计算.这种分析计算,一般是采用作图法进行的,即找出一批工件中工序基准的两个极端位置,然后计算工序基准位置的最大变动量并折算到工序尺寸上去.这对基准不重合误差的影响分析是明确的;但基准位移误差的产生情况有时较为复杂,对工序基准位置变动的影响有时也较为复杂.为了全面进行定位误差的计算.必须较准确地计算出基准位移误差所引起的工序基准的变动.采用刚体空间位置误差矩阵方程式可以对此进行分析计算.根据线性代数可知,任何刚体由空间某一确定位置向另一位置变动,可以通过矩阵变换来表示.设想夹具中的工件为一刚体,则可用矩阵表达式来计算因定位基准和定位元件的制造误差(如平面度误差、垂直度误差、     

非现实位移事件的编码与突显

非现实位移事件是认知主体运用认知想象能力将不可动实体构想为可动实体,使其在心理上和视觉上发生了相对于参照实体的位置变化的一种位移事件。认知主体不仅能够将静态的方位事件构想为动态的非现实位移事件,而且能够运用语言对其进行编码。英语对非现实位移事件的编码必须包括位移事件的所有四个要素:位移主体、参照实体、位移和路径,缺一不可。在对非现实位移事件中的"起点-路径-终点"意象图式进行编码时,认知主体既可以选择使用最大窗口化,也可以选择使用部分窗口化,前者突显位移主体与全路径之间的动态空间关系,后者突显位移主体与部分路径(即起点或终点)之间的动态空间关系。     

近代汉语“往＋NP＋VP”、“V＋往＋NP”的语义类型及其认知分析

介宾结构＂往＋NP＂可用于动词前作状语,也可用于动词后作补语,形成＂往＋NP＋VP＂和＂V＋往＋NP＂句法格式。这两种格式都可以表示位移类事件,前者可表示现实类位移事件、半实半虚类位移事件、虚拟类位移事件;后者一般只表示虚拟类位移事件。这三类事件并不是没有任何关系,从认知语言学角度讲,虚拟类位移事件是现实类位移事件的隐喻,半实半虚类位移事件是现实类位移事件向虚拟类位移事件的过渡状态。三者均体现了意向图式中的路径图式。     

基于语义模式的汉语近似结构研究与教学初探

汉语中存在着大量的外形相似或意义相近的表达式,外国学生在汉语学习中常常会混淆它们,或者用简单熟悉的表达式代替复杂陌生的表达式,从而回避使用某个表达式或者出现使用错误。本文在汉语中近似结构的实例基础上,对近似结构进行定义和分类,并结合留学生的习得偏误,构建近似结构的基本语义模式,再回归到教学中,制定教学对策。     

“往＋O＋VP”和“V＋往＋O”

“往”字短语在动词前、后分别构成A、B两种格式,两式在动词的类、“往”的宾语和“往”的标引功能方面都存在明显差异。在位移事件的性质和表达方面,A、B两式也体现出某些差异或倾向：A式既可用于现实位移,也可用于虚拟位移,B式基本上用于现实位移;A式倾向于自主位移,B式倾向于非自主位移;A式凸显位移过程,B式凸显位移目标。     

例析简单化的应用

简单化的含义有二：一是指研究一般情形的问题．可以先从简单情况开始，这是从特殊到一般的归纳法；二是指研究某种复杂情况．可以先研究与之密切关联的简单的特殊情形．这是从简单特殊到复杂特殊的一种推广。     

Find Your Manners: How Do Infants Detect the Invariant Manner of Motion in Dynamic Events?

To learn motion verbs, infants must be sensitive to the specific event features lexicalized in their language. One event feature important for the acquisition of English motion verbs is the manner of motion. This article examines when and how infants detect manners of motion across variations in the figure's path. Experiment 1 shows that 13- to 15-month-olds (N = 30) can detect an invariant manner of motion when the figure's path changes. Experiment 2 reveals that reducing the complexity of the events, by dampening the figure's path, helps 10- to 12-month-olds (N = 19) detect the invariant manner. These findings suggest that: (a) infants notice event features lexicalized in English motion verbs, and (b) attention to manner can be promoted by reducing event complexity.     

Visualizing protein interactions and dynamics: evolving a visual language for molecular animation

Undergraduate biology education provides students with a number of learning challenges. Subject areas that are particularly difficult to understand include protein conformational change and stability, diffusion and random molecular motion, and molecular crowding. In this study, we examined the relative effectiveness of three-dimensional visualization techniques for learning about protein conformation and molecular motion in association with a ligand-receptor binding event. Increasingly complex versions of the same binding event were depicted in each of four animated treatments. Students (n = 131) were recruited from the undergraduate biology program at University of Toronto, Mississauga. Visualization media were developed in the Center for Molecular and Cellular Dynamics at Harvard Medical School. Stem cell factor ligand and cKit receptor tyrosine kinase were used as a classical example of a ligand-induced receptor dimerization and activation event. Each group completed a pretest, viewed one of four variants of the animation, and completed a posttest and, at 2 wk following the assessment, a delayed posttest. Overall, the most complex animation was the most effective at fostering students' understanding of the events depicted. These results suggest that, in select learning contexts, increasingly complex representations may be more desirable for conveying the dynamic nature of cell binding events.     

Chaos in the classroom: Exposing gifted elementary school children to chaos and fractals

A unit of study for gifted 4th and 5th graders is described on the subject of mathematical periodicity and chaos and the underlying physical processes which produce these phenomena. A variety of hands-on experiments and the use of various data analysis tools and computer aids provide students with powerful raw material for their analysis, interpretation, and understanding. The concepts of simple periodic motion (e.g., a pendulum), complex superposition of motions (e.g., the vibrations in musical instruments), and chaotic sequences (e.g., stock prices) are covered, with numerous practical examples. Opportunities to involve related activities emphasizing language arts, history, and graphic art are included. The student response to the material is documented.     

Human motion recognition using ultra-wideband radar and cameras on mobile robot

Cameras can reliably detect human motions in a normal environment, but they are usually affected by sudden illumination changes and complex conditions, which are the major obstacles to the reliability and robustness of the system. To solve this problem, a novel integration method was proposed to combine bi-static ultra-wideband radar and cameras. In this recognition system, two cameras are used to localize the object’s region, regions while a radar is used to obtain its 3D motion models on a mobile robot. The recognition results can be matched in the 3D motion library in order to recognize its motions. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, the experimental results of recognition using vision sensors and those of recognition using the integration method were compared in different environments. Higher correct-recognition rate is achieved in the experiment.     

自由偶极子运动规律研究

讨论了由正负离子实组成的自由偶极子的相互作用能,分析了仅在该作用下偶极子的运动,求解其运动方程,得出自由偶极子的运动为匀速直线运动和简谐振动的叠加,其质心作匀速直线运动,在质心系中,两离子分别在其平衡位置附近作简谐振动.     

Difficult serial anticipation learning in rats: Rule-encoding vs. memory

Rats, trained in a runway, were asked to anticipate, while running slowly, the last two events in repeating series of .045-g food pellets. The series were either weakly monotonic (14, 5, 5, 1, and then 0 pellets/run) or nonmonotonic (5-5-14-1-0). While the terminal 0-pellet event was better anticipated in the weakly monotonic series, the reverse was the case for the next-to-last 1-pellet event. These findings were expected from a memory-discrimination learning hypothesis of serial learning, which suggests that the memory of one event in a series can be used to signal the next event. However, the better anticipation of the 1-pellet event by the nonmonotonic group was inconsistent with the recently stated rule-encoding position of Hulse (1980). According to that view, difficult series of the sort employed in the present investigation are learned by encoding the rule structure of the series, with events in the series with the simple rule structure (the weakly monotonic series in this investigation) being better anticipated than events in the series with the complex rule structure.     

‘Time: What is it That it can be Measured?’

Experiments with the simple pendulum are easy, but its motion is nevertheless confounded with simple harmonic motion. However, refined theoretical models of the pendulum can, today, be easily taught using software like CALCODE. Similarly, the cycloidal pendulum is isochronous only in simplified theory. But what are theoretically equal intervals of time? Newton accepted Barrow’s even tenor hypothesis, but conceded that ‘equal motions’ did not exist – the refutability of Newtonian physics is independent of time measurement. However, time measurement was the key difficulty in reconciling Newtonian physics with electrodynamics. On Poincaré’s criterion of convenience, equal intervals of time ought be so defined as to make the enunciation of physics simple. Hence he postulated constancy of the speed of light. (The Michelson–Morley experiment was not critical.) The theory of relativity followed. But does there exist a proper clock?