“看不见的手”与科学规则 ——科学经济学视野下的科学规范

 作为个体的科学家有可能是自利的,进行科研的动机是多元的、世俗的,并不都是出于好奇心,仅仅以追求真理为目标.但是他们的合作却能够生产出可靠的知识,并使科学成为一种最成功的人类认识事业.对于这种现象?科学经济学的学者利用"看不见的手"进行解释,给出的答案是,科学中的各种标准、规则、规范和制度诱导着具有世俗动机的科学家形成合作. 关键词：科学论;科学经济学;科学规则;"看不见的手"     

THE ADVENT OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN CSIRO: A HISTORY OF CHANGE

Australia's major government research agency, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), has recently changed its style of management. This paper traces the development of CSIRO from an institutional research organization to a body taking responsibility for Australia's strategic civilian research, from an organizational perspective. The problems that this change might create in disturbing the organizational balance are outlined. Possible remedies to counter-balance and stabilize the strategic bureaucratic trend are innovative forms of organizational structure, the strengthening of individual incentives to perform applied work, increased exposure of CSIRO scientists to external influences, and improved community involvement in CSIRO's decision-making structure.     

Professional guilds, tension and knowledge management

Scientific research is a crucial success factor for knowledge intensive firms and is often a joint effort of scientists and managers. However, scientists and managers belong to different “professional guilds,” subscribing to different belief systems and valuing different types of incentives. These differences give rise to tension between scientists and managers. We integrate a large body of literature from knowledge management to develop a new theoretical model predicting that this organizational tension is affected by environmental factors such as the degree of industry munificence, firm-specific factors like knowledge-management policies, and the individual roles of boundary spanners within the firm. Further, we argue that this tension can lead to positive or negative outcomes.     

Commercial science, scientists’ values, and university biotechnology research agendas

Policies designed to promote the commercialization of university science have provoked concern that basic and publicly accessible research may be neglected. Commercialization policies have altered traditional institutional incentives and constraints, which raises new questions regarding the influence of scientists’ values on university research agendas. Our research builds on previous quantitative studies measuring changes in research outcomes and qualitative studies probing differentiation among scientists’ value orientations. We developed a nation-wide survey of 912 plant and animal biotechnology scientists at 60 research universities. Our analysis reveals that scientists’ value orientations on what we classify as “market” and “expert” science affect the amount of industry funding they receive, the proprietary nature of their discoveries, and the percentage of basic science research conducted in their laboratories. We also find that the percentage of industry funding is significantly associated with more applied research. Our findings provide insights for science and society theory and suggest that strong incentives for public-science research along with adequate public-research funds to preserve the university's vital role in conducting basic and non-proprietary research are needed to complement private-sector research investments at universities.     

The costs and benefits of 'red tape': anti-bureaucratic structure and gender inequity in a science research organization

This paper explicates a central conflict that can affect science research organizations, the conflict between the anti-bureaucratic stance believed to advance science and concerns for gender equity rooted in the universalist ethos of science. We present a case study of a science research organization, using employment and publication records, a survey of 308 employees, and qualitative interviews with 60 employees. We show how anti-bureaucratic organizational structures perpetuate gender inequities for both female scientists and non-scientists.     

我国国家临床研究网络组织结构研究

构建国家临床医学研究网络是完善医学科技创新体系建设的重要内容,是促进我国临床医学研究发展的重要举措。欧美等国家的临床研究起步较早,已形成各具特色的临床研究网络。采用文献调研法总结国际典型国家临床研究网络的组织结构及功能特点,结合我国医学科技管理结构的特点,提出我国应建立多层级结构、功能完善的国家临床研究网络的建议。     

Relational mechanisms governing multifaceted collaborative behavior of academic scientists in six fields of science and engineering

Norms of academic science and engineering are moving in the direction of broader applicability and transferability of knowledge beyond the borders of the university. In response, scientists are expected to engage in collaboration that includes both basic and applied collaborative activities. More specifically, the norms of science are beginning to change to allow for novel forms of collaboration that involve sharing of research ideas on multiple facets of collaborative work. This paper examines the extent to which multifaceted collaboration is attributable to relational aspects of individuals’ networks. Specifically, we ask the question: what relational aspects of social capital determine multifaceted collaboration among scientists in six fields of science and engineering? Borrowing literature from social capital and science and technology (S&T) human capital, this paper develops a multi-level model of multifaceted collaboration and presents a set of testable hypotheses. Then using data from a national survey of men and women faculty in six fields, we analyze the multi-level data: relationship or dyad level (level 1) and ego level (level 2) with hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to predict multifaceted collaboration of academic scientists. Findings show that some relational characteristics explain multifaceted collaborative behavior as predicted, while others behave in unexpected ways. Conclusions place the findings in context for theory and policy.     

包容型领导研究述评与中国视域下的展望

包容型领导作为一种新兴的领导方式,日益受到学者的关注,其出现反映了特定时代背景下研究者和实践者对新的领导风格的诉求。因此,文章系统梳理了包容型领导的概念起源、维度测量、影响效应、作用机制以及影响结果,构建了包容型领导研究整体框架,对已有的文献进行整理述评,拓展其研究层次及方法,并将中介与调节变量纳入组织分析框架之中,同时强化了本土情境下的权变作用,并以此来讨论现有文献存在的不足,以期为未来组织管理更好地发展提出可行性结论。     

科学建制化过程与科学家科普责任演变

以历史为线索,探讨科学建制化过程与科学家科普责任演变之关系,指出:科学建制化与科学家科普责任有互动关系,科学建制化程度决定科学家科普责任内容,科学家科普责任的发挥又促进着科学建制化过程。     

学术和商业激励作用下的高校R&D活动影响研究

随着传统型大学向创业型大学的转变，高校兼具知识创造和知识应用的双重特性。科研人员在R&D活动中追求学术价值和商业价值双重目标。本文基于一个简单模型来研究学术和商业激励两种方式对R&D活动时间配置以及项目选择的影响，基于此，进一步分析了组织最优激励契约设计。研究结果表明：高的商业激励会减少科研人员研究活动，但却激励科研人员选择高风险的基础研究，从而会带来突破性创新。组织层面高校应加大商业激励鼓励研究偏好人员，对偏好研究活动的人员，激励其进行开发活动；对于不偏好研究活动的人员，激励其增加努力程度。     

Above a swamp: A theory of high-quality scientific production

We elaborate a model of the incentives of scientists to perform activities of control and criticism when these activities, just like the production of novel findings, are costly, and we study the strategic interaction between these incentives. We then use the model to assess policies meant to enhance the reliability of scientific knowledge. We show that a certain fraction of low-quality science characterizes all the equilibria in the basic model. In fact, the absence of detected low-quality research can be interpreted as the lack of verification activities and thus as a potential limitation to the reliability of a field. Incentivizing incremental research and verification activities improves the expected quality of research; this effect, however, is contrasted by the incentives to free ride on performing verification if many scientists are involved, and may discourage scientists to undertake new research in the first place. Finally, softening incentives to publish does not enhance quality, although it increases the fraction of detected low-quality papers. We also advance empirical predictions and discuss the insights for firms and investors as they “scout” the scientific landscape.     

知识治理对个体知识共享行为影响的跨层次分析

知识治理是知识管理活动的制度保障,是在制度层面上对知识行为的引导、激励和约束,进而维护知识活动各方的利益平衡、促进知识活动效益的最优化。知识共享行为是一种组织制度安排的结果,同时也是一种行为过程,受到知识治理的影响。知识治理对于知识共享行为的影响研究,很多的学者都从不同的侧面进行分析,涉及变量和因素有限,结论不稳定。另外,知识治理对于知识共享影响的内在机理有待进一步深入地探究。最后,从研究方法上,知识治理是组织层面的变量,个体知识共享是个体层面的变量,现有文献较少运用跨层次分析方法来整合组织和个体两个层面,剖析知识治理机制对个人层次知识共享的影响,因而研究结论有待验证。因此,基于现有文献研究的不足,本文探索性地引入中介变量组织支持感来分析知识治理对于知识共享行为的影响关系。依据已有的文献成果,本文提出以下8个假设:(1)正式知识治理对非正式知识治理具有正向的影响作用;(2)正式知识治理对于个体知识共享行为具有显著的正向影响;(3)非正式知识治理对于个体知识共享行为具有显著的正向影响;(4)正式知识治理对于组织支持感有显著的正向影响;(5)非正式知识治理对于组织支持感有显著的正向影响;(6)组织支持感对个体知识分享行为有显著的正向影响;(7)组织支持感中介了正式知识治理与个体知识共享行为之间的关系;(8)组织支持感中介了非正式知识治理与个体知识共享行为之间的关系。为了验证以上假设的有效性,本研究以中国华北地区140家企业621名员工为被试对象,其中男性占53.62%,本科以上员工占89.05%,工龄在5年以上的员工占76.97%,基层和一线工人占87.76%。对于模型中所涉及的变量,本文借鉴已有研究的中成熟量表进行测量。正式知识治理和非正式知识治理的测量参考了Cao等(2012)对于正式知识治理和非正式知识治理的测量量表,组织支持感使用Eisenberger编制的问卷,知识共享行为采用Yi开发了一套有效可靠的知识共享行为量表。所有变量在本文样本中内部一致性信度α系数都达到标准。在确保问卷的可信性和有效性基础上,本文利用跨层次分析对研究假设进行验证。得到了如下结论:(1)在知识管理领域中,员工组织支持感是链接组织知识治理与个体知识共享行为的中介桥梁。组织层面的知识管理活动一方面通过正式的知识治理对于员工的知识共享行为产生一定程度的影响,但是更重要是要通过对于员工组织支持感的影响来间接的作用员工知识共享行为。(2)组织知识活动对于员工个体知识共享行为的影响是多层次相互作用的结果,过程复杂。组织层面的正式知识治理通过三条途径作用员工个体知识共享行为:直接作用、通过非正式知识治理影响组织支持感的间接作用以及通过组织支持感的间接作用。非正式知识治理是间接的通过组织支持感的单途径来影响个体知识共享行为。与同类研究相比,本文进一步打开了知识治理对知识共享行为影响的"黑箱",丰富了知识管理的相关理论。此外,本文结论对企业知识管理实践活动具有很强的指导意义,具体表现在两个方面:一是企业要有效创建完善的知识治理机制,二是要重视对员工组织支持感的提升。本文虽然做出了一定的贡献,但仍然存在一些不足:第一,样本收集的数据受到地域和行业的限制;第二,对于知识治理的划分需要进一步研究;第三,中介变量、作用路径和机理还需要进一步探索。以上三点问题将是今后研究和改进的方向。     

Technological Change and the Form of Science Research Teams: Dealing with the Digitals

Abstract

During the late 1990s, photography moved from being a primarily analogue medium to being an almost entirely digital medium. The development of digital cameras and software for working with photographs has led to the wholesale computerization of photography in many different domains. This paper reports on the findings of a study of the social and organizational changes experienced by marine mammal scientists who have changed from film‐based photography to digital photography. This technical change might be viewed as a simple substitution of a digital for an analogue camera, with little significance for how scientists do what they do. However, a perspective anchored in social informatics leads to the expectation that such incremental technical changes can have significant outcomes, changing not only how scientists work, but also the outcomes of their research. This present study finds that key consequences of this change have been the composition of the personnel working on the scientific research teams for marine biology projects and the ways in which these scientists allocate their time.     

身份与制度建构下的技术转移平台服务创新

技术转移平台企业在平衡社会和商业利益中存在服务创新的困境,现有理论对其缺乏解释。本文基于制度理论的混合组织视角,梳理典型平台企业服务产品和模式的研发案例,挖掘服务创新的过程机制。研究发现平台企业通过组织身份工作应对制度复杂性并促进制度变革,解释了创新过程中组织身份工作的内容和策略,以及平台企业利用身份与制度建构的三种关系模式。研究将组织身份与制度环境、制度化结果前后连接,揭示了平台企业在共存而差异的逻辑中完成产品和模式创新的完整路径。研究的实践意义在于指导科技服务企业的产品研发与服务升级,引导企业从战略、组织模式等方面寻求突破,以平衡科技服务公益性和营利性的逻辑冲突。     

AMO战略人力资源管理对组织绩效的影响路径

战略人力资源管理是企业取得绩效均势的重要途径。然而,现有研究却并未回答在不同生命周期阶段战略人力资源管理内部实践是否对绩效具有同样的影响路径这一问题。研究基于400余家科创企业,从能力-动机-机会（AMO）三个层面探讨了不同生命周期阶段下战略人力资源管理对组织绩效的影响路径。研究发现,初创期科创企业AMO战略人力资源管理通过双元学习能力与人力资本的连续中介作用影响组织绩效;而发展期与成熟期科创企业则仅通过双元学习能力的中介作用影响组织绩效。研究在资源-能力整合框架下厘清了不同发展阶段AMO战略人力资源管理对组织绩效的差异化影响机制,这为管理实践动态配比组织资源与能力提供了参考借鉴。     

组织复杂性管理理论探析

组织复杂性已成为组织无法回避的本质性问题,如何管理组织复杂性也成为当前学术界及企业界研究的热点.对现有文献中有关组织复杂性管理的研究进行分析和整理后,认为不能简单地将组织复杂性的管理归结为降低复杂性或增加复杂性,不同的组织复杂性应有不同的管理策略,但最终目的是为了实现组织复杂性与环境复杂性相适应.     

法庭科学领域科研伦理建设

法庭科学作为特殊的应用性科学,其研究和应用中时有涉及伦理问题,但目前中国尚缺乏法庭科学中科研伦理和行为规范问题的研究,相关伦理审查机构和审查规章仍是空白。从当前法庭科学科研伦理实践出发,针对职业伦理规范建设不足、科研伦理监管缺位以及法庭科学职业特色与伦理要求的冲突进行分析,为法庭科学研究科研伦理管理提出可参考的建议。     

Science transformed? A comparative analysis of ‘societal relevance’ rhetoric and practices in 14 Canadian Networks of Centres of Excellence

One of the most hotly debated ideas in science studies is the claim that contemporary science is in the midst of a transformation. While ‘transformationalist’ arguments and concepts vary, their core principle is that the norms, values and practices that have enforced the separation of science from society are being challenged by new expectations that scientists pursue closer connections with industry, government and/or civil society, and address research questions of immediate value to non-academic partners. While many major funding agencies have embraced this idea and now pressure scientists to enhance the ‘societal relevance’ of their work, the impact of these changes on scientific practices is still unclear. This paper reports findings from a comparative meso-level analysis of 14 large Canadian research networks funded by an agency with an explicit transformationalist mandate – the Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) programme. Documents and web communications from these 14 NCEs, as well as from the central programme administration office, are analysed and compared to key transformationalist concepts, such as Mode 2 science, post-normal science, the triple helix model, academic capitalism and strategic science. We find that transformationalist ideas have a strong rhetorical presence across the 14 NCE projects and the central office, but that a great deal of inconsistency and confusion exists at the level of implementation and assessment of outcomes. Easily quantifiable outputs, such as the commercialization of research findings, are favoured over softer qualitative outcomes, such as public engagement and knowledge sharing. We conclude by arguing that the NCE programme is having an observable impact on the rhetoric of science, but any resulting transformations in practice are incremental rather than radical.     

Information culture and organizational effectiveness

This paper develops a typology of information cultures by synthesizing empirical and theoretical research in organization science and information science. Four information culture types are proposed. In a Result-oriented culture, the goal of information management is to enable the organization to compete and succeed in its market or sector. In a Rule-following culture, information is managed to control internal operations, and to reinforce rules and policies. In a Relationship-based culture, information is managed to encourage communication, participation, and a sense of identity. In a Risk-taking culture, information is managed to encourage innovation, creativity, and the exploration of new ideas. We expect most organizations to display to varying degrees norms and behaviors from all four types, and that the information culture profile of an organization would be related to its effectiveness. The paper ends by looking at the practical and theoretical value of a systematic examination of information culture and its link to organizational effectiveness.