Winch on learning

Those in education committed to folk psychology (everyday talk about ourselves) reject the advances of neuroscience as the way to explain learning. Winch is one of the most determined defenders of folk psychology. Yet his account of folk psychology is weak and his rejection of neuroscience is deeply flawed. This article sets out Winch’s Wittgensteinian theory of learning then proceeds to critically examine a number of issues, including the folk psychology/cognitive science dualism, problems with folk psychology, the advantages of cognitive science and why folk psychology should be replaced by cognitive science.     

优化学生学习科学心理环境的策略研究

学生的学习心理对科学的学习具有重要影响。从营造良好的课堂氛围、培养学生学习科学的兴趣等策略出发,构建了适应学生、激发激励学生主体参与学习的科学课教学模式。     

学习科学:研究的重要问题及其方法论

自20世纪后半叶以来,不同学科背景的研究者将基础研究与教育实践相结合,直面人类的学习问题,探究人类思维和学习的过程,设计新的学习情境,提出新的理论和方法论,催生了学习的新科学。学习科学是指面向复杂的真实世界需要的"整合"科学,涉及认知科学、神经科学、教育心理学、计算机科学、人类学、社会学等多元领域,它不仅发展了学习理论,而且对教授科学也做出了贡献。通过围绕知识的本质、学习的实质、学习的方式与形式、以学习为中心设计、学习环境及其支持、学习效果的评价等方面,来探讨学习科学研究的重要问题及学科方法论,进而对其未来研究的发展趋势做出预测。     

多理论视角中的设计研究：模式与范例

学习现象的复杂性和学习研究的跨学科性决定了设计研究的多重性,其研究的理论宽度可以扩展到发展心理学、认知科学、文化心理学和文化人类学等多学科的宽广视域并可在多理论间穿行整合,因而建立单一模式来描述设计研究是不明智的。学习科学所进行的设计研究其核心目标在于跨越模式界限,促进持续的教育革新,最终走向多领域协同一致的学习研究,实现对学习在理论与实践上的更富生力的理解与革新。     

教育心理学研究领域转化的轨迹、原因及启示

教育心理学研究领域经历了从只关注学到关注教与学的转化。其转化的原因有：心理学研究的推动、教育观念转变的影响、教育社会现象研究成果的丰富发展以及学科本身的内在规律性的揭示。这种转化告诉我们，加强教育心理学基本理论、研究方法、教与学的整合、教育心理学的实用化等方面的研究是必然趋势。     

“环境与风水”——中国古人的科学智慧

中国的风水学不仅是集环境学、地理学、地质学、气象学、景观学、建筑学、生态学、物理学于一体的一门综合自然学科,它还反映了中国古人对心理学的深刻理解和应用。作者认为中国古人在推广风水学时,针对当时人民大众实际的受教育程度和人们利己的心理,将风水学与个人和家庭及其成员的切身利益紧密联系,从而使风水学这门综合性学科得以广泛传播,并深入人心。     

科学史融入小学课程的研究

科学史是培养小学生科学素养的主要学习资源。小学阶段科学素养的培养不仅仅限于“科学”课程。科学史融入小学课程要避免非科学的简化史,注重体验,让历史动起来,重视技术史的学习。教师要做好科学素养、教学能力和心理学测评方法等方面的准备。     

Interdisciplinary Perspectives Inspiring a New Generation of Cognitive Load Research

This special issue consists of six theoretical papers and an introduction. Each paper describes a current advance to the applications and focus of cognitive load theory (CLT). Four of the papers use an interdisciplinary approach outside of educational psychology by combining CLT with elements of evolutionary biology, mirror neuron research, cognitive brain science, and the philosophy of science. The remaining two papers use an intradisciplinary approach within educational psychology by applying CLT to self-regulation and heuristic learning. This paper introduces CLT, overviews each contribution, and summarizes the main themes.     

The Mismatch between Assumed Prior Knowledge and the Learner's Conceptions: A typology of learning impediments

This paper considers some of the reasons why motivated students in suitable learning environments may fail to learn from competent teachers. It draws upon work in the psychology of learning, and the considerable body of research that has been undertaken to explore the nature and origin of learners' alternative conceptions in science. A synthesis of ideas from this previous work suggests a simple typology of 'learning impediments' in terms of the mismatch between the learner's cognitive structure and the teacher's expectations. It is suggested that this classification system may be a useful tool that, alongside techniques to probe prior knowledge, can help teachers diagnose and overcome such impediments to intended learning, and thus make teaching more effective. Although deriving from research into the learning of science, it is suggested that the typology can be applied to conceptual learning across the curriculum.     

Science and Individualism in Educational Psychology: problems for practice and points of departure

It is mainly through schools that the profession of educational psychology is maintained. What assumptions are made in the training of such people? Critically, as Olssen argues, they are assumptions which have formed the basis of psychology itself and were historically embedded in discursive traditions at the turn of the century, traditions which constituted the generative source of the way the discipline of educational psychology was to develop. Assumptions about the nature of science were important, as Rom Harre and others have argued. More important, though, is the assumption of individualism: the presupposition that problems of learning are problems of an individual child, to be fixed by personalised intervention. The influence of psychology on education is often hidden, but in the case of individual psychology it is often overt. If there are problems with psychology, including the psychology of individual development, then educational psychology will need very careful scrutiny.     

成人教育学研究生存在的问题及对策

成人教育方兴未艾但自身存在很多问题,文章就成人教育学研究生在知识、学习、学术、科研、生活、心理等方面存在的问题加以论述,并提出相应对策。     

动态测验:当代智力测验的新发展

随着心理学和认知科学的进一步发展,人们对智力活动的动态过程有了更深刻的认识,动态测验从一种动态的角度来评价个体的智力,能够弥补传统静态测验的缺陷和不足,这正成为西方当代心理和教育测验研究与应用领域的一大热点。目前国外最有代表性的动态测验有学习潜能评估工具、学习潜能测验、过程学习测验和认知加工测验。     

Concepts in Change

In this article we focus on the concept of concept in conceptual change. We argue that (1) theories of higher learning must often employ two different notions of concept that should not be conflated: psychological and scientific concepts. The usages for these two notions are partly distinct and thus straightforward identification between them is unwarranted. Hence, the strong analogy between scientific theory change and individual learning should be approached with caution. In addition, we argue that (2) research in psychology and cognitive science provides a promising theoretical basis for developing explanatory mechanistic models of conceptual change. Moreover, we argue that (3) arguments against deeper integration between the fields of psychology and conceptual change are not convincing, and that recent theoretical developments in the cognitive sciences might prove indispensable in filling in the details in mechanisms of conceptual change.     

构建策略型学习者问题解决能力培养模式

有关问题解决和学习策略的研究是当今教学心理学中的重要的研究领域,随着社会的发展和科技进步,面对知识经济的挑战,社会对具有创新精神与实践能力的人才需要的不断增长,学会学习已成为全社会关注的焦点。帮助受教育者学会学习,掌握有效的学习策略,使之成为策略型学习者,增强其问题解决能力,已成为每个教育工作者亟待解决的一个重要课题。     

Scale of Academic Emotion in Science Education: Development and Validation

Contemporary research into science education has generally been conducted from the perspective of ‘conceptual change’ in learning. This study sought to extend previous work by recognizing that human rationality can be influenced by the emotions generated by the learning environment and specific actions related to learning. Methods used in educational psychology were adopted to investigate the emotional experience of science students as affected by gender, teaching methods, feedback, and learning tasks. A multidisciplinary research approach combining brain activation measurement with multivariate psychological data theory was employed in the development of a questionnaire intended to reveal the academic emotions of university students in three situations: attending science class, learning scientific subjects, and problem solving. The reliability and validity of the scale was evaluated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results revealed differences between the genders in positive-activating and positive-deactivating academic emotions in all three situations; however, these differences manifested primarily during preparation for Science tests. In addition, the emotions experienced by male students were more intense than those of female students. Finally, the negative-deactivating emotions associated with participation in Science tests were more intense than those experienced by simply studying science. This study provides a valuable tool with which to evaluate the emotional response of students to a range of educational situations.     

An experimental comparison of the flexibility in the use of thinking styles in traditional and hypermedia learning environments

The objective of the instructional experiment was to examine if the use of thinking styles is flexible in traditional and hypermedia learning environments, and if a hypermedia learning environment possesses obvious advantages than a traditional environment in adapting to students with different thinking styles. The participant university students from Shanghai, P.R. China took the General Psychology course taught by one psychology teacher. One hundred and seven science students and one hundred and thirty-one social science students were assigned into traditional and hypermedia instructional groups, respectively. The results indicated that the use of the hierarchical, executive, conservative, and monarchic styles was increased, while the use of the local style was decreased due to the traditional instructional environment. The use of the judicial and liberal styles was increased, while the use of the legislative style was weakened due to the hypermedia environment. Moreover, significant effects of discipline differences in the use of particular thinking styles were found in the traditional instructional environment. Specifically, within the context of traditional learning environments, the use of the hierarchical style increased among the science students, while the use of the local style decreased among the social science students. The study did not support the view that a hypermedia learning environment is clearly better than a traditional environment in accommodating students with different thinking styles. Implications for learning and teaching are discussed.     

研究性学习方法与学科课程知识结构教学法研究

根据认识论和教育科学理论研究了大学生研究性学习方法的掌握、研究性学习习惯的养成与学科课程知识结构教学法的关系问题,得到了“运用学科课程知识结构教学法进行教学,有利于大学生研究性学习心态的形成、研究性学习方法的掌握、研究性学习习惯的养成,有利于培养大学生的创新意识和创新才能”的结论。给出了研究性学习学科课程中的概念、规律、篇章知识结构、学科课程知识结构的模式;给出了学科课程中的概念、规律、篇章知识结构、学科课程知识结构的教学模式。     

Operation ARA: A computerized learning game that teaches critical thinking and scientific reasoning

Operation ARA (Acquiring Research Acumen) is a computerized learning game that teaches critical thinking and scientific reasoning. It is a valuable learning tool that utilizes principles from the science of learning and serious computer games. Students learn the skills of scientific reasoning by engaging in interactive dialogs with avatars. They are tutored by avatars with tutoring sessions that vary depending on how well students have responded to questions about the material they are learning. Students also play a jeopardy-like game against a feisty avatar to identify flaws in research and then generate their own questions to determine the quality of different types of research. The research examples are taken from psychology, biology, and chemistry to help students transfer the thinking skills across domains of knowledge. Early results show encouraging learning gains.     

Information processing psychology: A promising paradigm for research in science teaching

Three research paradigms, those of Ausubel, Gagné and Piaget, have received a great deal of attention in the literature of science education. In this article a fourth paradigm is presented—an information processing psychology paradigm. The article is composed of two sections. The first section describes a model of memory developed by information processing psychologists. The second section describes how such a model could be used to guide science education research on learning and problem solving.     

对科学心理学研究的思考

通过剖析科学心理学研究和发展的历程,对科学心理学研究面临的挑战作一概述,并对未来心理学研究作了三个方面的思考:(1)重视文化因素对人的心理和行为的影响。(2)强调心理学研究方法的多元化。(3)推动中国本土心理学的发展。