以关系的方式探索“机器人”的道德地位——兼论道德思维范式的转变

随着科技的发展,智能机器人已经被广泛地应用于各行各业。人们在与机器人互动的过程中产生了许多的道德问题。在传统的道德标准中,机器人是否可能有道德地位？传统的道德观认为,实体的道德地位都是由与道德相关的属性所决定的。机器人的属性是机器,所以没有相应的道德地位。而Coeckelbergh转变了传统道德的思维范式,主张以关系的方式来思考道德的地位,使机器人具有道德地位成为一种可能。     

Space,relations, and the learning of science

In the literature on the situated and distributed nature of cognition, the coordination of spatial organization and the structure of human practices and relations is accepted as a fact. To date, science educators have yet to build on such research. Drawing on an ethnographic study of high school students during an internship in a scientific research laboratory, which we understand as a “perspicuous setting” and a “smart setting,” in which otherwise invisible dimensions of human practices become evident, we analyze the relationship between spatial configurations of the setting and the nature and temporal organization of knowing and learning in science. Our analyses show that spatial aspects of the laboratory projectively organize how participants act and can serve as resources to help the novices to participate in difficult and unfamiliar tasks. First, existing spatial relations projectively organize the language involving interns and lab members. In particular, spatial relations projectively organize where and when pedagogical language should happen; and there are specific discursive mechanisms that produce cohesion in language across different places in the laboratory. Second, the spatial arrangements projectively organize the temporal dimensions of action. These findings allow science educators to think explicitly about organizing “smart contexts” that help learners participate in and learn complex scientific laboratory practices.     

Creepiness Creeps In: Uncanny Valley Feelings Are Acquired in Childhood

The uncanny valley posits that very human-like robots are unsettling, a phenomenon amply demonstrated in adults but unexplored in children. Two hundred forty 3- to 18-year-olds viewed one of two robots (machine-like or very human-like) and rated their feelings toward (e.g., “Does the robot make you feel weird or happy?”) and perceptions of the robot's capacities (e.g., “Does the robot think for itself?”). Like adults, children older than 9 judged the human-like robot as creepier than the machine-like robot—but younger children did not. Children's perceptions of robots’ mental capacities predicted uncanny feelings: children judge robots to be creepy depending on whether they have human-like minds. The uncanny valley is therefore acquired over development and relates to changing conceptions about robot minds.     

5G+智能技术教育应用：核心场景重构与挑战

信息技术的发展对转变与创新教学方式产生重大影响。在5G及智能技术发展如火如荼的背景下,梳理移动通信技术教育应用发展概况,探讨 5G+智能技术重构课堂教学、教育管理、学生评价、终身学习等核心场景,指出5G+智能技术教育应用发展趋势。     

人机协同化与学生发展核心素养——基于社会智能三维模型的分析

人机协同系统正在全面渗入人类的工作与生活,社会正快速地人机协同化。在弱人工智能时代,人工智能没有“意向性”,但其智能程度在迭代进化中。人机协同系统存在人类与机器两类智能主体,以及人类智能、人工智能和协同智能三种智能元素,其中协同智能的主体是人类,人机协同系统的智能是分布式的。受国际关系“软”“硬”“巧”实力三分理论启示,本研究构建了人机协同时代社会智能的三维模型。“三维”指硬智能、软智能和巧智能,机器拥有更多硬智能,并向人类“学习”软智能,人类拥有更强的软智能和巧智能,并把更多的硬智能“让渡”给机器。基于社会的快速人机协同化,教育所培育的学生核心素养应以发展学生的软素养和巧素养为重点,在硬素养维度着力培育学生的计算思维。未来人机关系将决定个体的社会存在,因此强调以人机协同的价值观、意识、能力等为重点的巧素养培育具有前瞻性。     

教师纠正性反馈语与故事转述：可理解输出假设验证的专业学生视角

以故事转述为路径来探寻英语专业学生语言可理解性输出假设理论在中国环境下的现实性,研究发现：1．故事转述中“要求-不要求”、“提醒-不要求”、“不要求-不提醒”组口语表现有显著差异;“提醒-不提醒”、“要求-提醒”、“要求-不提醒”组学生的表现没有差别;2．教师的纠正反馈语可以提高专业学生语言的“可理解性输出”的频率,学生对于老师跟常用的“诱导法”、“重复法”反应更敏感;3．教师的“诱导法”有利于学生口语水平的提高。     

Papier‐mach(in)e: Thinking with “sticky” paper in the cloud

There is nothing less about paper and its use when it comes to academic study as we experience increasingly converging media spaces and functionalities of online applications within the screens of our laptops, mobile phones and tablet devices. The paper persists, and the paperless office, classroom and pedagogy become nothing but pure rhetoric. Hence, it is most pertinent to focus on paper and its “stickiness” in maintaining educational structures and practices. Usually hidden from view or neglected in educational technology studies is a consideration on how we think and interact not only with our mind but also with our heads and limbs. This paper will argue that paper has a composite place or bearing, a kind of stickiness to our technologised bodies, digital mobilities and hybrid practices in what I have coined here as papier‐mach(in)e. This claim will be supported by evidence that demonstrates how we simply think both practically and pathically and that our mobilities in media and physical spaces are in one form or another meshed with paper. In fact, a drive towards a paperless classroom or pedagogy is without much foundation when it comes to mobilising a sustainable agenda for technology‐enhanced learning.     

Does “all students” include girls? Some reflections on recent educational practice and theory

Most people think of the last decade as one where there has been a lot of attention to sexism, gender and equal opportunity. This paper will analyse some recent policy, practice and theory to suggest that much of this apparent attention is illusory and that general policies and discussions of the period are often insensitive to issues of sexism. Examples to be discussed will be drawn from Ministerial and Education Department policy in Victoria; positions taken by teacher unions and “radicals”; and some academic work which attempts to deal with “class, sex and ethnicity” simultaneously.     

“We don't want your opinion”: Knowledge Construction and the Discourse of Opinion in the Equity Classroom

As educators who teach courses that examine social power, we often struggle with a specific form of resistance in the equity-oriented classroom: “That's just [the author]'s opinion.” This “opinion discourse” emerges when students study scholarship that unsettles dominant knowledge claims and methods or when students are themselves asked to situate their knowledge. The opinion discourse could easily be read as simply an example of the lack of critical thinking skills among students. However, we believe that opinion discourse is more than a facile response to new ideas. We want to take opinion discourse seriously. We argue that opinion functions as a discursive project of resistance in the context of the equity-oriented classroom by solidifying inequitable power relations between the knower and that which is known. Our goals are twofold: to explicate how the opinion discourse functions as a specific legitimization of existing power relations and to unsettle the discursive authority that opinion offers.     

The new organization and implications for training

In our work over the past 15 years, we have been guided by a premise, right or wrong, that fundamental changes in how organizations work require fundamental changes in how we think and interact. Changes in the “outer world” do not necessarily produce change in the “inner world”… I am skeptical of what can be accomplished by changes in structure alone.… What leads us to believe that lots of local managers, focused on their own profits, will be any more far‐sighted than a few corporate managers focused on corporate profits? Will they be any better at systems thinking? … What good is it to have more free movement of information if people cannot discuss the information that is most important, but that is also the most threatening? (Sugarman, 1997).     

Preservice teachers' conceptions of teaching using mobile devices and the quality of technology integration in lesson plans

This study explored the relationships among preservice teachers' conceptions of teaching using mobile devices and the quality of technology integration in lesson plans. A total of 47 preservice teachers in Taiwan who had experienced designing their own lesson plans and teaching materials (ie, eBooks and applications) for teaching using mobile devices (ie, smart phones and tablet PCs) participated in this study. The results showed that four qualitatively different conceptions of teaching using mobile devices were identified, namely “technology support,” “knowledge transmission,” “learning facilitation,” and “supporting students to learn.” This study also found that the teachers who had more constructivist perceptions of teaching using mobile devices, such as facilitating students' understanding in a convenient way or supporting student learning in a more active way, appeared to attain better quality technology integration in their lesson plans than those teachers with traditional conceptions.     

Whither social theory?

What is the place of social theory in mathematics education research, and what is it for? This special issue of Educational Studies in Mathematics offers insights on what could be the role of some sociological theories in a field that has historically privileged learning theories coming from psychology and mathematics as the main theoretical frames informing research. Although during the last 10 years the term “socio-cultural” has become part of the accepted and widespread trends of mathematics education research when addressing learning, this issue gathers a collection of papers that depart from a “socio-cultural” approach to learning and rather deploy sociological theories in the analysis of mathematics education practices. In this commentary paper, we will point to what we see to be the contributions of these papers to the field. We will do so by highlighting issues that run through the six papers. We will try to synthetize what we think are the benchmarks of the social approach to mathematics education that they propose. We will also take a critical stance and indicate some possible extensions of the use of social theory that are not addressed in this special issue but nonetheless are worth being explored for a fuller understanding of the “social” in mathematics education.     

SPREAD: A Distributed Simulation Toolkit

This article describes “SPREAD”, a simulation toolkit, and its use in building “Virtual Robots”, a simulation of multiple mobile robot vehicles used in the teaching of computer science at university level. A novel aspect of the simulator is the use of PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) to achieve high performance at low cost by using spare CPU cycles on large numbers of networked workstations.     

Constructing student portfolios: A process and product that fosters communication with families

When parents pick their children up from day care or preschool, one of the first questions that is typically asked of their child is “What did you do in school today?” At an open house parents usually ask teachers, “How is my child doing in your class?” “Is my child learning new things?” “Has my child improved any since the beginning of the school year, and in what ways?” Or think of the child who turns in a product and asks, “What do you think of this, Teacher?” or “Did you like my work today?”     

Consumers Favor “Right Brain” Training: The Dangerous Lure of Neuromarketing

Over the past decade the neuromarketing of educational products has become increasingly common. Researchers have however expressed concern about the misapplication of neuroscience to education marketing, fearing that consumers may be deceived into investing in apparently “brain‐based” products under the misapprehension that they will be more effective. This study provides the first demonstration that these fears are justified. We presented 180 participants with one of four advertisements for an identical educational program, named either “Right Brain” or “Right Start” Training; the advertisements either did, or did not, include an MRI brain image in one corner. Results demonstrated that “Right Brain” training was deemed more interesting, educationally valuable, and scientifically strong than an identical product named “Right Start” training. Advertisements including an unrelated brain image enhanced ratings of scientific rationale. These results confirm that by implying a strong scientific basis, “brain‐based” product names are remarkably effective in implicitly manipulating consumer opinion.     

The Existential Learner

We are all smart in different ways. Through the theory of multiple intelligences, Howard Gardner has been one of the leaders in cataloging HOW people are smart as opposed to how smart they ARE. The ability to see “the big picture” and make connections between similar and dissimilar concepts has been considered for inclusion in the multiple intelligences under the name “existential.” The author outlines characteristics of existential learners, the arguments for and against the inclusion of existential as a multiple intelligence, and classroom strategies that will help an existential learner succeed.     

秦丞相新证——兼析“令相国昌平君昌文君发卒攻毐”的句读

新近出土的地下材料为研究秦丞相职官提供了新线索。通过对新材料的分析,可以发现,秦有相邦和左、右丞相之分,后两者又以右为尊。在对秦相邦、丞相设置进行初步考察的基础上,可以断定《史记·秦始皇本纪》"令相国昌平君昌文君发卒攻毐"一句的句读应为"令相国、昌平君、昌文君发卒攻毐"。     

Risk Taking,Boundary Performance and Intentional School Internet “Misuse”

Whilst the association of risk with schools is predominately a negative one, fostering images of potential dangers, this paper draws upon a socio-cultural counter-discourse to explore the perceived benefits of certain risk taking activities within educational establishments. Using research data on school Internet “misuse” it is argued that some students benefit from engaging in boundary performance. This can be seen as a type of risky behaviour involving low level dangers that offer an escape from tedious routine through public displays of temporarily traversing boundaries. Furthermore, it is maintained that such activity may be a central element in identity construction. It is concluded that the concept of boundary performance has wider applications than merely explaining certain school Internet “misuse”, potentially helping practitioners and policy-makers to think more creatively about the educational process as well as offering insights into other “problematic” behaviour.     

“立则”和“开道”:宋初行卷古文的两种倾向

宋初的行卷古文存在“立则”和“开道”两种倾向。前者以王禹偁等人为代表,他们的古文多以“六经”为准的,试图为君臣定制定行为准则,展现出欲为帝王师的姿态。后者以柳开、张扶等为代表,试图希望以古文言说天地之道及仁义礼智信等“儒行”,继而使自己的古文获得与“六经”同等的地位甚至超越“六经”,达到成为“圣人”的目的。张扶等士子抱有“言天地之理不当使人易度易揣测”的想法,力图以古涩之语生成深奥的意义。把握这两种倾向,对于今人窥视当时的文坛以及理解“传道明心”等古文理论有着一定的意义。     

褚少孙研究三题

褚少孙主要在三个方面续补《史记》：重大政治事件、重要人物与占卜龟策。褚补材料来源广泛,具有相当的史料、文学、语料价值,尽管如此,班固总体上对褚补抱有怀疑;在天命观上,褚少孙提出了“鬼神不能自成,须人而生”的进步观点,进而否定了“无父而生”的神话传说,将“无父而生”与“天命”联系起来,认为“天命”就是“以其先之有德”“泽流后世”,“无父而生”的传说实质上是天命降临的征兆,象征可以继承乃父的德泽;在人生观方面,褚少孙不否定人们追求荣华富贵的心理,而是认为一旦“立名当世”,需“持满守成”“知进知退”;政治倾向上,褚少孙尊崇汉武帝,认为汉武帝雄才大略有远见;主张朝廷任命官员要选择通经术、直言极谏之人。