Modelling Techniques,Perceptions of Self‐Efficacy,and Arithmetic Achievement Among Learning Disabled Children

This study examined the effects of modelling (T₁) and participant modelling (T₂) techniques on perceptions of self‐efficacy and arithmetic achievement of learning disabled (LD) children. Subjects included 60 LD children randomly assigned to T₁, T₂, or control conditions. Children in the modelling condition observed a model explaining arithmetic concepts and working problems, while children in the participant modelling group observed the model and worked on problems while verbalizing solutions with the model; children in the control condition worked individually on identical instructional packets. Results indicated that children in both treatment groups achieved higher self‐efficacy and arithmetic scores, with the participant modelling group being the superior of the two.     

学龄前儿童营养配餐与食谱设计

根据学龄前儿童的生理和营养特点,以及学龄前儿童对各种营养素的需求特征及不同食物所含营养素情况,结合学龄前儿童饮食特点和营养现状,进行科学合理的营养配餐研究,从而设计出适合学龄前儿童的一日营养食谱,并根据食物交换份法编制一周营养食谱,使学龄前儿童摄入的各种营养素数量充足,比例合理,满足其营养需要。     

英国贫困儿童社会救助法律机制探赜

英国是世界上最早以立法形式保护贫困儿童的国家之一。21世纪以来英国颁布了一系列贫困儿童社会救助法案,其社会救助措施主要体现在提高家庭生活水平、帮助改善失业状况、努力实现教育公平以及发放补贴减轻压力等方面。英国建立了较为完善的儿童社会救助体制,形成了社会救助与社会保险福利的有机衔接,打通了民主的决策机制和跨部门的有效合作。英国在贫困儿童社会救助中积极发挥“政府-企业-机构”多元儿童社会福利治理合力作用,把实现教育福利作为阻断儿童贫困代际传递的根本途径,把追求社会公平与市场效率平衡作为儿童社会救助的价值目标。英国儿童社会救助的法律规制,对我国健全中国特色贫困儿童社会救助体系具有一定借鉴意义。     

Stimulating Children to Write

This paper attempts to point up the importance of writing, in its several aspects, for children with special educational needs. Roy Edwards, assistant education officer for special services, Staffordshire, discusses something of the nature of writing and its purposes, and anecdotally describes ways that have worked with these children in special and ordinary schools.     

How Young Children Learn to Program With Sensor,Action, and Logic Blocks

Electronic Blocks are a new programming environment designed specifically for children aged between 3 and 8 years. These physical, stackable blocks include sensor blocks, action blocks, and logic blocks. By connecting these blocks, children can program a wide variety of structures that interact with one another and the environment. Electronic Blocks provide young children with opportunities to program and observe dynamic behavior without having to acquire complex symbolic notation systems. Young children are able to build and debug program structures by using Electronic Blocks because the syntactic and semantic problems that confront users of conventional programming languages have been reduced.     

Gender,Children and Research Productivity

The productivity puzzle, or gender gap in research productivity, is often thought to be due, in part, to gendered child care responsibilities. The time, energy, and money devoted to child-rearing can reduce the research productivity of scholars, especially women. However, there is little systematic research on this issue. The present study contributes to the literature by exploring the productivity puzzle in light of the influence of eight age sets of children. Data are from the National Research Council's 1995 Survey of Doctoral Recipients. They refer to 11,231 PhDs, in the sciences and engineering, who are employed in academia. Controlling for children, structural factors and personal characteristics of the PhDs, the present study finds that women still publish significantly less than men. Second, productivity is higher for PhDs with children less than 11. Third, productivity is relatively low for women with young children. Fourth, for the social sciences, the area with the highest proportion of women PhDs, gender is unrelated to productivity, but women in the social sciences who have young children have relatively low productivity. The leading predictors of productivity included location in a research university and effort (hours worked). The full model explains 39% of the variance in productivity. Children are not a strong predictor of productivity, but the influence that they do have followed a gendered pattern.     

英国儿童证人制度对我国未成年人作证之借鉴

在世界各国的证据立法和实践中,证人证言均被认为是强有力的证据种类。以细致缜密而著称的英国证人制度设计中,针对儿童证人资格、证言证明力、儿童证人的特殊保护问题均有较详尽的规定。我国应充分借鉴现代证据法学的通行规则,即儿童具备实质性证人条件,亦即取得证人资格;同时在庭审前服务、庭审技术屏障、庭外保护方面统筹设计,建立和完善我国儿童证人制度。     

Effort Self-Talk Benefits the Mathematics Performance of Children With Negative Competence Beliefs

Children with negative competence beliefs often achieve below their potential in school. This randomized field experiment tested whether engaging in positive self-talk may benefit these children’s mathematics performance. Participants (N = 212, Grades 4–6, M_age = 10.6) worked on the first half of a standardized mathematics test, engaged in effort self-talk (“I will do my very best!”), ability self-talk (“I am very good at this!”), or no self-talk, and worked on the second half of the test. Compared to both the conditions, effort self-talk benefited the performance of children holding negative competence beliefs: It severed the association between negative competence beliefs and poor performance. By internally asserting that they will deliver effort, children with negative competence beliefs can optimize their achievement in school.     

社会工作介入城市流浪儿童救助保护的实践研究

社会工作介入城市流浪儿童救助保护工作时,应根据流浪儿童的特点灵活地设计并实施活动;对流浪儿童的救助不能仅是救助管理机构的责任;体制内救助机构提高服务水平必须依靠政策推动;护送返家不应是对流浪儿童救助的最终目标。     

Burnout in Teachers of Young Children

The purpose of thi\s study was to identify variables or combinations of variables that are related to burnout in teachers of young children. The 353 participants were teachers who worked with young children more than 20 hours a week. The Maslach Burnout Inventory, a 22-item semantic differential measuring burnout, and a questionnaire about personal and job characteristics were administered to the subjects. A factor analysis, one-way analyses of variance, and maximum regression were used to analyze data. The factor analysis showed that the Maslach Burnout Inventory measures burnout and competence of teachers. The variables which account for burnout and competence are discussed.     

Burnout in Teachers of Young Children

The purpose of this study was to identify variables or combinations of variables that are related to burnout in teachers of young children. The 353 participants were teachers who worked with young children more than 20 hours a week. The Maslach Burnout Inventory, a 22-item semantic differential measuring burnout, and a questionnaire about personal and job characteristics were administered to the subjects. A factor analysis, one-way analyses of variance, and maximum regression were used to analyze data. The factor analysis showed that the Maslach Burnout Inventory measures burnout and competence of teachers. The variables which account for burnout and competence are discussed.     

幼儿话语行为效能的分布与发展研究

基于日常会话自然语料的效能标注,本研究分层级、分年龄段统计出2-6岁幼儿话语行为效能的数量与分布。分析发现:在幼儿言语交际中占有很大比例的话语行为效能,并不如皮亚杰所言,为自我中心话语,而是调节效能。此结果表明,幼儿和成人的语言交际互动,在语言习得与发展中起着决定性作用。     

Language Intervention: Computer Training for Young Children with Special Needs

Three studies that explore the usefulness and effectiveness of computers for training language skills of young children with communication disabilities are reviewed. A study of eight toddlers with Down syndrome compared traditional individual language intervention with computer-based instruction for developing comprehension of vocabulary and early grammatical patterns over a period of three months. Both approaches showed a similar, highly significant effect, indicating that computer-based intervention was as successful as traditional one-to-one language therapy.
A second study used 52 children (ages 4–10) who were enrolled in special education classes for children with severe language, learning and behavioral disabilities. The effectiveness of adding twice a week, 30-minute interactive computer language training sessions to the regular classsroom language curriculum was examined. Children showed significantly more progress in vocabulary, general language ability and social communication during the 10 week period they were receiving the computer training.
Lastly, the effectiveness of using a parent volunteer to work with toddlers on computer-based language tasks was compared with language progress when these children worked with a professional speech language pathologist. Four out of five of the children showed more progress when working with the parent volunteer.
The article concludes with a discussion of educational considerations for planning computer-based language intervention and includes a sample language lesson for the computer as well as software evaluation guidelines.     

Building the Cognitive Bridge: Children,Information Technology and Thinking

In the UK, approaches to developing, encouraging and extending children’s’ thinking are of considerable professional interest. Teachers and researchers have explored a number of different strategies. These are categorized in recent Department for Education and Skills (DFES) guidance into three broad areas: philosophical, cognitive intervention, and brain-based learning approaches. Within all these approaches, spoken language has been identified as essential for collaborative learning of any kind and in some, information technology is also seen as a potentially supportive collaborative medium (McGuiness, 1999).This paper takes the form of a case study of children aged 10–11, from two Primary schools and considers the place of diagrammatic software in supporting children’s’ exploration and representation of ideas. The case study provides some concrete examples of ways in which the children made links between their discussion of ideas and their visual record. Children were recorded as they worked together to produce their map and as they reported to their peers on its completion.Data were collected over a six week period using observational schedules, field notes, and pupil feedback. The analysis of maps themselves was a central concern as this as techniques for this are not yet fully established, although some significant work is available (e.g. Mavers et al., 2002) The study showed the ease with which all pupils adapted to the use of the software.     

流动儿童、留守儿童与一般儿童社会适应比较

采用自尊、生活满意度、孤独感、抑郁、社交焦虑和问题行为问卷对五省2134名农村籍流动儿童、双留守儿童、单留守儿童、曾留守儿童、一般儿童进行调查,以考察留守与流动对农村儿童社会适应的影响。结果发现:(1)在总的社会适应方面,一般儿童最好,明显优于三类留守儿童;流动儿童较好,明显优于双留守儿童;(2)在社会适应各指标上,与一般儿童相比,三类留守儿童的自尊低、孤独感强,双留守、曾留守儿童的抑郁高,单留守儿童的生活满意度高,流动儿童的孤独感强、生活满意度高;与双留守儿童相比,流动儿童的自尊高、抑郁低;(3)上述差异在女生和/或小学生中表现明显。这表明,与一般儿童相比,留守对儿童社会适应有不利影响,流动对儿童社会适应无明显不利影响。     

Action Learning in the UK

This article gives a brief overview of what is happening in action learning in the United Kingdom. In thumbnail sketches, some 20 programs are described, showing the diverse applications and possibilities. The article also explores some questions that practitioners and “users” of action learning are asking and debating: How should projects be decided on? How to determine the make-up of a set? Should the processes in the set be adhered to? Do you need set advisers? Lastly, the article reports on the debate about whether there should be an orthodoxy in action learning.     

The Right to Education for Children in Domestic Labour: Empirical Evidence from Kenya

Since 1948, various UN conventions have recognised basic education as a human right. Yet this right continues to be denied to many child labourers across the world. This articles draws on the results of a study examining how children in domestic labour in Kenya access and participate in education. Three issues were explored: (1) the correlates of child domestic labourers; (2) their working conditions and contexts; and (3) the right to education. Interviews and group discussions held in one city and two rural districts elicited data from 91 child domestic labourers and 84 adults. The results indicated that child labour was both poverty-induced and adult-initiated, and that children worked in hazardous environments characterised by economic exploitation. Most did not attend school; those who did had to contend with a rigid school structure and an authoritarian class environment. Children in domestic labour often skipped school, and their participation in classes was low.     

英国自闭谱系障碍儿童的早期家庭干预

自闭谱系障碍通常被描述为一种起病于3岁之前,以明显的社会交往障碍、言语沟通异常以及刻板的兴趣、奇特的行为方式为特征的谱系障碍。尽早发现、评估、干预,才能最大程度地开发这类儿童的潜能。英国目前已经拥有较为完善的法律保障体系,以保障自闭谱系障碍儿童的权利及其家庭的参与权利。"不只是语言""早起的鸟"等早期家庭干预模式均重视家长的参与,旨在形成由专业人员指导、家长执行并合作解决问题的干预体系,促进自闭谱系障碍儿童发展。英国的经验值得借鉴。     

Cooperative Learning: Listening to How Children Work at School

Abstract

Cooperative and collaborative learning are recognized as valuable components of classroom learning. However, many questions remain regarding how teachers might structure and guide children's group-learning experiences. An ethnographic case study of 29 Grade 6 and Grade 7 students who worked in groups over 5 weeks was examined to determine what was learned. Data included audiotape recordings of 6 groups of children working together across 11 work sessions, student interviews, children's self-evaluations and drawings, and research reports. Findings revealed that when working in groups, children require periods of unstructured time to organize themselves and to learn how to work together toward a mutual goal.