女大学生就业焦虑现状调查及教育对策

通过对大学毕业生择业期焦虑水平的调查,侧重考察女大学生就业焦虑的现状。结果表明：大学毕业生出现一定群体性焦虑,女大学生就业焦虑水平显著高于男生。其焦虑的形成主要来源于不利于女生就业的社会环境因素及其职业价值观、认知风格、情绪管理模式、就业期望值、职业选择、生理和体质特征等内在因素。积极的应对方式有利于缓解焦虑,同时提出...     

Can self-efficacy and self-confidence explain Iranian female students' academic achievement?

Official statistics from several resources in Iran indicate that female enrollment and achievement in Iranian universities has recently exceeded that of male students. Despite the fact that a religious government has been ruling the country for three decades, and despite many regulations against women, Iranian women have managed to overcome social, cultural, and political barriers. They have also been able to pass a highly competitive entry exam to enter the university at higher performance rates than male students. In this study it was proposed that this increasing enrollment and graduation rate might be attributed to their gender-based self-confidence and their self-efficacy. The results showed that female students scored higher on collective, gender-based self-confidence but their personal feeling about their gender was more negative and their general self-efficacy was not different from the self-efficacy of male students.     

Identifying attrition risk based on the first year experience

Using data collected from a recent national survey of Australian first-year students, this paper defines and validates four scales – belonging, feeling supported, intellectual engagement and workload stress – to measure the student experience of university. These scales provide insights into the university experience for both groups and individual students, to assist institutions in supporting and managing successful outcomes for their students. These data highlight the particular importance of a sense of belonging and mitigating workload stress to addressing attrition risk. Many traditional equity groups were found to only differ significantly from ‘traditional’ students on the stress scale. However, these groups potentially contain enormous individual variation, and even the average experiences of these groups reveal that complexity in the engagement, motivation and sense of belonging of students from equity backgrounds. Importantly, the scales presented in this paper can easily be used by practitioners, researchers and institutions to identify risk of attrition at an individual level based on attitudinal factors rather than background or behavioural factors. This may inform university strategy and practice to enhance the student experience and increase retention across the sector.     

Differential effect of university entrance score on first-year students’ academic performance in Portugal

The main goal of this study is to show that the association between university entrance score and first-year students’ academic performance varies randomly across courses after controlling for students’ sociodemographic, schooling trajectory and motivational variables. The sample consists of 2697 first-year students who were enrolled in 54 courses at a Portuguese public university in 2015/16. Multilevel modelling of academic performance suggests that 34% of variability in grade point average is due to differences among courses and that 80% of such variability is explained by the field of study, whether the university is the student’s first choice, and the student’s gender, age and parents’ level of education. In addition, the results corroborate that the university entrance score is the strongest predictor of first-year academic performance.     

一年级医学生的心理健康状况及人格影响因素

为了解一年级医学生的心理健康状况及其人格影响因素.采用SCL-90、EPQ、SES、UCLA孤独量表对入学半年后的709名福建医科大学一年级医学生进行测查.研究表明:建医科大学一年级医学生心理健康状况优于全国大学生,但稍差于全国青年;"肯定有症状"的检出率为16.22%,主要症状为强迫、人际敏感和抑郁,男生的敌对、偏执...     

Depressive symptoms in and type of classroom placement for adolescents with LD

This study investigated the relationship of depressive symptomatology to type of classroom placement in a sample of adolescents with learning disabilities who attended an urban public high school. Fifty-two students, half of whom were in self-contained classrooms and half of whom were in general education classrooms with resource room, self-rated their depressive symptoms. Their guidance counselors also rated these students' depressive symptoms. Self-ratings of depression did not differ depending on classroom placement. Guidance counselors rated students with learning disabilities who were in general education classrooms as more depressed than students placed in self-contained classes.     

理工科院校抑郁症状大学生攻击性特点及防治

目的:调查理工科院校抑郁症状大学生的攻击性特点。方法:首先运用Beck抑郁问卷筛选抑郁症状大学生,其次运用自编抑郁症状大学生攻击性特点问卷调查研究抑郁症状大学生的攻击性特点;结果:抑郁症状大学生的攻击性在不同的因子上存在着显著的性别差异;抑郁症状大学生的攻击性特点在年级上没有表现出过多的显著差异,统计学意义不大;抑郁症状大学生的攻击性在专业方面有非常显著的差异,主要表现为艺术专业学生的攻击性要强于文科和理工科学生。结论:不同性别抑郁症状大学生的攻击性方式有显著差异;年级因素在抑郁症状大学生的攻击性方面没有表现出显著差异,不同专业的抑郁症状大学生的攻击性有极其显著差异。     

高一学生心理健康状况调查

本调查运用SCL-90对635名高一学生进行心理测试。结果表明，学生在躯体化、强迫、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性等9个因子上的得分及阳性项目数都高于全国成人常模。女生的忧郁、焦虑和恐怖3个因子分显著高于男生。各类心理问题中，尤以强迫、人际关系敏感突出。这提示高一学生心理健康是个不容忽视的重要问题。     

Gender differences in high-school learning experiences,motivation, self-efficacy,and career aspirations among Taiwanese STEM college students

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to answer the following two questions: (1) Do significant differences exist in high-school learning experience, interests, self-efficacy, and career aspirations between male and female science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) students? (2) Can high-school learning experiences, interests, and self-efficacy significantly predict career aspirations, and do differences exist between male and female STEM students? This study highlighted the gender gap between male and female university students who had already chosen STEM majors with similar academic ability. A total of 407 first-year students were surveyed at a 4-year research university in Taiwan. For the data analysis, a t-test and multiple regression analysis were used, and the findings indicated that male STEM students had greater family support than their female counterparts. The variable of task value could significantly predict STEM career aspirations for both male and female students, whereas the variable of STEM course self-efficacy could only significantly predict that of male students. In conclusion, the findings highlighted that the motivation of task value was a vital factor for predicting STEM career aspirations, whereas the factor of family support was the main gap between male and female STEM students in terms of their high-school learning experiences.     

Remission of depression in parents: links to healthy functioning in their children

This study examined whether improvement in parents' depression was linked with changes in their children's depressive symptoms and functioning. Participants were 223 parents and children ranging in age from 7 to 17 years old (M = 12.13, SD =2.31); 126 parents were in treatment for depression and 97 parents were nondepressed. Children were evaluated 6 times over 2 years. Changes in parents' depressive symptoms predicted changes in children's depressive symptoms over and above the effect of time; children's symptoms significantly predicted parents' symptoms. Trajectories of children's depressive symptoms differed significantly for children of remitted versus nonremitted depressed parents, and these differences were significantly predicted by their parents' level of depression. The relation between parents' and children's depressive symptoms was partially mediated by parental acceptance.     

Gender differences in the Australian undergraduate STEM student experience: a systematic review

ABSTRACT

In Australia, the number of female graduates in some science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines is as low as 15%. Previous reviews exploring the issues affecting female undergraduate STEM students are primarily based in North America and there is yet to be an Australian focused review. This review identifies the factors contributing to the gendered experience of Australian undergraduate STEM students. A systematic review was conducted in November – December 2018 using ERIC, PsycInfo, ProQuest and Scopus databases. From this review, 36 papers that focus on gender differences and university STEM students in Australia were identified. The Australian research suggests the most prominent issue for female STEM students is their lower self-efficacy. Gendered preferences for learning, gendered motivations to pursue STEM degrees, the masculine culture of these fields and gender differences in science identity were also themes identified through the review. This review indicates some gaps in the Australian literature, namely that identity, and other emotional factors, are understudied in the Australian context and an avenue for future research. The findings suggest that science educators should be aware of the gendered experiences of their students to ensure female persistence in university STEM degrees.     

The prevalence of depressive symptoms in children with learning disabilities.

Learning difficulties have been considered to be a symptom of childhood depression by some authors, whereas others have examined depression as a cause of cognitive difficulties, including learning disabilities (LD). This study examined the prevalence of depressive symptoms in a sample of public school elementary children aged 8 through 11, 37 boys and 16 girls, identified as LD by state standards. Of the sample of 53 children, 35.85% scored in the depressed range on the Children's Depression Inventory. Comparison of the children's self-reports and parents' reports of depressive symptoms in their children was not significant. Implications of the results are discussed relative to the role of school personnel and the assessment process in recognizing depressive symptoms in students with LD.     

Depressive Symptoms and Help-Negation among Chinese University Students in Taiwan: The Role of Gender,Anxiety and Help-seeking Attitudes

This study extended the consideration of help-negation in regard to suicide to that of depressive symptoms in a large sample of 981 Chinese university students in Taiwan. The study examined the help-negation effects of depression and the impact of gender, anxiety, and help-seeking attitudes on that relationship. Chinese students, aged 17 to 27 years, completed a self-report survey that included measures of help-seeking behavior, depression, anxiety, and help-seeking attitudes. Results revealed higher levels of depressive symptoms were related to decreased likelihood of seeking help from friends and parents, indicating a possible help-negation effect of depression. In regard to the impact of gender, anxiety, and help-seeking attitudes, results showed that help-seeking attitudes were consistently positively correlated with seeking help from friends, parents, and professional helpers. Gender significantly moderated the relationship between depression and professional help-seeking. Implications for intervention are discussed within the Chinese cultural context.     

法律高职院校新生心理健康状况调查分析及对策——以海南政法职业学院为例

采用SCL-90量表对我院学生心理健康进行测试。结果表明:我院学生心理健康水平低于本省高职学生常模水平,在强迫症状、人际敏感和偏执、焦虑、敌对和抑郁方面得分都高,且有显著性差异。我院男生心理健康水平高于女生水平。女生分数均高于男生,且在除敌对和偏执的其他7个因子上差异显著。     

女大学生抗挫折心理能力与抑郁关系的研究

该文使用大学生抗挫折心理能力问卷、SCL-90量表中的抑郁分量表对1314名女大学生施测,以探讨其抗挫折心理能力与抑郁的关系。结果表明:(1)女大学生抗挫折心理能力总体水平良好,她们应对挫折时以积极抗挫为主,其抑郁倾向高于全国成人常模。非独生女大学生的抑郁倾向显著高于独生的,来自农村的女大学生的抑郁倾向显著高于来自城市的。理工科女大学生的抗挫折心理能力及其诸因子方面的能力显著高于体育、艺术、文科专业的女生。女大学生抗挫折心理能力及其诸因子的年级差异极其显著,表现出随年级升高呈波浪式发展趋势。大二女生的抑郁倾向极显著地高于其他年级的女生。(2)女大学生抗挫折心理能力与抑郁存在非常显著负相关,并对抑郁具有极显著的负向预测效应。     

Preferences for Team Learning and Lecture-Based Learning Among First-Year Undergraduate Accounting Students

This study investigates students’ preference for team learning and its effectiveness, compared to lecture-based learning. A quasi-experiment was set up in a financial accounting course in the first-year undergraduate of the Economics and Business Administration Program, where students had to choose between one of the two learning methods (team learning or lecture-based) and subsequently followed their preferred method of pedagogy. The quasi-experiment was administered for a first-year undergraduate class, with data for 291 students. The first objective of this study is to investigate students’ preference in relation to their gender, ability, motivation, and learning strategy. The second objective is to explore whether a team-based approach is more effective than lecture-based learning, when students participate in their preferred method. The results show that female students had a higher preference for team learning than male students. Furthermore, students with a preference for team learning had a lower ability level, were more intrinsically motivated, had less control of their learning beliefs, were more help seeking, and were more willing to share their knowledge with peers. The team learning approach resulted in increased performance, compared to the lecture-based setting, while controlling for differences in gender and ability. This beneficial impact of team learning on performance was not found for other courses (in which team learning was not implemented), leading to the conclusion that team learning offers an appropriate learning method at the university level for a first-year course. Implications for student learning, faculty members, and institutional policy are discussed.     

Depression and School Engagement among Norwegian Upper Secondary Vocational School Students

There seems to be limited work addressing how depression is linked to elements of student functioning in the school setting other than academic achievement. This study investigated possible correlates of depressive symptoms with school engagement and disengagement. We examined four specific school variables (school motivation, intentions to quit, absence, and truancy) in a sample of 791 adolescents between 15 and 18 years of age in a Norwegian upper secondary vocational school. The results indicated that symptoms of depression could be a risk factor for school disengagement, and particularly for intentions to quit school. However, as only moderate associations were found, it appears that many depressed students manage to keep up their school engagement. This applied to both genders. However, the findings underline the importance of developing effective methods to identify and help depressed students who do have difficulty keeping up school engagement. Implications for practice are suggested.     

Staying the distance: students’ perceptions of enablers of transition to higher education

Students’ perceptions during their first semester at university may be critical in the decision to continue or discontinue studies. In this study we consider students’ perceptions of what factors enable successful transition to university. Using qualitative research, students’ perceptions are obtained by in-depth interviews and focus groups that capture the first- and second-order perspectives of existing students at the end of first-year studies. Interview and focus-group themes are used to develop an 80-item questionnaire that is then used to collect data from first-year students (n?=?771) at an Australian university. Key findings from the research are the identification of seven enabling factors that fall into two main groups, student-centred and university-led. Identifying enablers of transition provides universities with the opportunity to assist students in the successful transition to higher education.     

The accuracy of teacher reports in the identification of middle school students with depressive symptomatology

This investigation examined the ability of teachers to identify depressive characteristics among middle school students. Participants were 356 students and 52 teachers. Teachers' perceptions of students' depressive characteristics were obtained via Likert ratings and nominations of students the teachers judged to be depressed. The depressive status of students was evaluated with a multiple‐gating procedure using the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (Reynolds, 1987) as an initial measure and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Edition IV as a final measure. A correlation of .22 (p < .001) was obtained between teachers' ratings of student depression and students' self‐reported depressed moods. Further analyses examined teachers' ability to identify high‐depression students, as well as the impact of teacher and student variables on teachers' ability to discern students' depressed moods. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 379–389, 2004.