专家操作的转化研究综述

专家操作的转化研究是将领域内专家的超级操作带入实验室,在实验条件下再现日常生活中自然获得的高超技艺以探索专长获得内在机制的一种研究方法。专家操作的转化研究方法为研究专长提供了一种可行性框架。本文对转化研究的兴起、专家操作转化研究的界定及必要性、转化的实现与拓展等进行综述。     

Distributed Cognition in Sports Teams: Explaining successful and expert performance

Abstract

In this article we use a hybrid methodology to better understand the skilful performance of sports teams as an exemplar of distributed cognition. We highlight key differences between a team of individual experts (an aggregate system) and an expert team (an emergent system), and outline the kinds of shared characteristics likely to be found in an expert team. We focus on the way that shared knowledge contributes to expert team performance. In particular, we suggest that certain kinds of shared knowledge (both embodied and declarative) and shared skill, potentially developed through a team’s history of playing and training together, facilitate successful coordination. These kinds of shared knowledge and skill may be less developed in a team of experts without a shared history. Exploring the expert performance of sports teams informs our understanding of distributed cognition and collaboration more generally and creates avenues for further philosophical and empirical investigation.     

高性能夹芯结构的面板与芯材的黏合性能

研究目的：通过准静态到动态的加载,研究以不锈钢点阵结构为芯材的夹芯结构的层间断裂韧性。创新要点：制备的夹芯结构不需要黏合剂,但是具有优异的面板-芯材界面性能;证明改良后的三点弯曲实验可用于研究夹芯结构在低速冲击下的界面性能。研究方法：采用改良后的三点弯曲实验（见图2）测试夹芯结构的面板芯材断裂韧性;采用低速冲击米测试夹芯结构的抗分层性能（见图5）和吸收能量性能（见图8）。重要结论：1．采用热压法制备的以碳纤维增强环氧树脂预浸料为面板,不锈钢点阵结构为芯材的夹芯结构不需要任何粘合剂;2．所得夹芯结构在受到准静态和动态三点弯曲加载时展现了优异的抗面板一芯材界面分层性能,断裂能达到5500J／m2;3．改良的三点弯曲实验可以用于测试低速冲击条件下夹芯结构的断裂性能。     

Giftedness and evidence for reproducibly superior performance: an account based on the expert performance framework

Giftedness researchers have long debated whether there is empirical evidence to support a distinction between giftedness and attained level of achievement. In this paper we propose a general theoretical framework that establishes scientific criteria for acceptable evidence of superior reproducible performance, which any theory of exceptional performance must explain. We review evidence for superior reproducible performance, generally emerging only after extended periods of deliberate practice that result in subsequent physiological adaptations and complex cognitive mechanisms. We also apply this framework to examine proposed evidence for innate talents. With the exception of fixed genetic factors determining body size and height, we were unable to find evidence for innate constraints to the attainment of elite achievement for healthy individuals.     

研发联盟治理结构的成因及绩效分析(英文)

由于传统的理论将治理结构分为"等级、市场"或是"股权、非股权"等,而这些分类方式并不能充分描述研发联盟治理结构的特点,因此本研究首先解释在研发联盟当中,为何必须存在不同的组织治理结构类型;继而探讨在面对不同特性的研发联盟时,如何选择适当的治理结构类型.结合交易成本经济学理论与资源基础观点,推导出影响研发联盟组织治理结构的6个主要因子,分别为技术不确定性、文化差异、资产特殊性、技术的互补性、个别公司独门技术的研发专用性、信任,据此建立本研究模型.当研发联盟的技术不确定性较高、文化差异较大、独门技术的研发专用性有较多的防范时,则采用非集中联盟;当研发联盟的资产特殊性较高、技术的互补性较大、伙伴之间的信任度较高时,则采用集中联盟.搭配这些因子的特性选择组织治理结构类型,则研发联盟有更好的绩效,反之亦然.     

Crib sheets and exam performance in a data structures course

In this paper, we study the relationship between the use of “crib sheets” or “cheat sheets” and performance on in-class exams. Our extensive survey of the existing literature shows that it is not decisive on the questions of when or whether crib sheets actually help students to either perform better on an exam or better learn the material. We report on our own detailed analysis for a body of crib sheets created for the final exam in a junior-level Data Structures and Algorithms course. We wanted to determine whether there is any feature of the crib sheets that correlates to good exam scores. Exam performance was compared against a number of potential indicators for quality in a crib sheet. We have found that students performed significantly better on questions at the comprehension level of Bloom’s taxonomy when their crib sheet contained good information on the topic, while performance on questions at higher levels of the taxonomy did not show correlation to crib sheet contents. We have also seen that students at certain levels of performance on the final exam (specifically, medium-to-high performance) did relatively better on certain questions than other students at that performance level when they had good coverage of that question’s topic on their crib sheet.     

To Think or Not To Think: The apparent paradox of expert skill in music performance

Abstract

Expert skill in music performance involves an apparent paradox. On stage, expert musicians are required accurately to retrieve information that has been encoded over hours of practice. Yet they must also remain open to the demands of the ever-changing situational contingencies with which they are faced during performance. To further explore this apparent paradox and the way in which it is negotiated by expert musicians, this article profiles theories presented by Roger Chaffin, Hubert Dreyfus and Tony and Helga Noice. For Chaffin, expert skill in music performance relies solely upon overarching mental representations, while, for Dreyfus, such representations are needed only by novices, while experts rely on a more embodied form of coping. Between Chaffin and Dreyfus sit the Noices, who argue that both overarching cognitive structures and embodied processes underlie expert skill. We then present the Applying Intelligence to the Reflexes (AIR) approach—a differently nuanced model of expert skill aligned with the integrative spirit of the Noices’ research. The AIR approach suggests that musicians negotiate the apparent paradox of expert skill via a mindedness that allows flexibility of attention during music performance. We offer data from recent doctoral research conducted by the first author of this article to demonstrate at a practical level the usefulness of the AIR approach when attempting to understand the complexities of expert skill in music performance.     

Experimental research on seismic performance of storey-adding frame structures

The seismic behaviors of an integral concreting frame, a light steel storey-adding frame and a storeyadding frame strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP)were investigated under low-cycle and repeated load(scale 1∶3). The failure characteristics, hysteretic behavior, rigidity degeneracy, deflection ductility and energy-dissipation capacity of the three specimens were compared. The test results reveal that chemicallybonded rebar technique can meet the requirements of storey-adding engineering. The carrying capacity, the deflection ductility, the energy-dissipating capacity and seismic performance of the light steel storey-adding frame are higher than those of the integral concreting frame, and they are the highest in the storey-adding frame strengthened with CFRP.     

An expert performance approach to the study of individual differences in self-regulated learning activities in upper-level college students

One of the hallmarks of adolescent and adult development of expert performance is its self regulation. This paper reviews different approaches to assessing the use of self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies in high-school and college students and their ability to predict academic performance. The current study assesses the use of SRL strategies with interviews and diaries and their relation to grade point average (GPA) in sixty upper-level college students majoring in science. Their diaries revealed that students with high, average, and low GPAs (assessed before the start of the semester) differed in overall use of SRL strategies and in the use of particular strategies during specific weeks. Methods of assessing and understanding differences in adult self-regulation and subsequent academic performance are evaluated and discussed.     

Effects of goal structures and performance contingencies on the math performance of adolescents with learning disabilities

This study assessed the effects of assigned versus self-selected goals and contingent versus noncontingent gameplay conditions, delivered during computer-assisted math computation drill-and-practice sessions. Participants were 20 high school pupils with learning disabilities who had active Individualized Education Plan (IEP) goals that targeted the improvement of computational skills. Students were assigned randomly to goal conditions and, within goal conditions, to contingency groups. Math computation performance was measured pre-, mid-, and posttreatment. Analyses of variance indicated that students who selected their goals performed better than pupils with assigned goals. No differences existed between the contingency groups. Implications for practice are discussed.     

小学语文分层教学实践

新课程改革要求教育要面向全体学生,使不同层次的学生都得到充分发展。分层教学的探讨具有很重要的理论和现实意义。以语文学科教学为例,从教学目标、知识内容、课堂提问、汇报、评价等几个方面进行分层设计,以期丰富分层教学的实践。     

鲨鱼皮盾鳞结构减阻性能数值模拟

海洋中快速游动的鲨鱼因其皮肤表面具有减少摩擦阻力的肋条状盾鳞结构,从而受到研究学者的广泛关注。为了指导减阻表面的设计与制造,选用数值模拟的方法对鲨鱼皮盾鳞结构的减阻机理进行了研究。通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察,获取鲨鱼盾鳞的微观结构,构建出简化的几何模型单元,并设计了不同分布规则和排布的单元阵列,形成了大面积非光滑仿生结构表面。利用Fluent软件对建立的计算域模型进行流体动力学仿真,同时与传统的矩形沟槽非光滑表面进行比较。数值模拟结果表明:仿生非光滑表面均减少了摩擦阻力,并且相较于矩形沟槽非光滑表面,简化盾鳞结构表面的减阻率明显增加;当入口速度为5 m/s时,对齐排布的简化盾鳞结构表面的减阻率可达到17.86%。最后,从壁面附近区域的流体流速和湍流动能2个方面对非光滑表面的减阻机理进行了分析。研究结果可望对设计和制备具有减阻功能的海洋装备仿生表面起到指导作用。     

Virtual and Dynamic Hierarchical Architecture:an overlay network topology for discovering grid services with high performance

INTRODUCTION Grid (Foster et al., 2001) technology is one ofthe most important ones to appear in recent years.The recent big progress is that scientists (Foster etal., 2002; Roure et al., 2001; Rana and Walker,2002) proposed service-oriented architectures suchas Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) (Fos-ter et al., 2002) that integrated the so-called com-putational/data Grid architecture (Foster et al.,2001) with Web services (Grid Web ServicesWorkshop, 2001). In the service-ori…     

Virtual and Dynamic Hierarchical Architecture: an overlay network topology for discovering grid services with high performance

This paper presents an overlay network topology called Virtual and Dynamic Hierarchical Architecture (VDHA) for discovering Grid services with high performance. Service discovery based on VDHA has scalable, autonomous, efficient, reliable and quick responsive. We propose two service discovery algorithms. Full Search Query and Discovery Protocol (FSQDP) discovers the nodes that match the request message from all N nodes, which has time complexity O(logN), space complexity O(nvg) (nvg being node numbers of each virtual group), and message-cost O(N), and Domain-Specific Query and Discovery Protocol (DSQDP) searches nodes in only specific domains with time complexity O(nvg), space complexity O(nvg), and message-cost O(nvg). In this paper, we also describe VDHA, its formal definition, and Grid Group Management Protocol.