互动对实习教师实践性知识获得与转化的影响

实践性知识是教师专业知识构成的核心和关键.教师实践性知识的获得有两个途径:一方面,教师在面对教育教学的问题情境时,通过与情境的对话,调动已有的经验,以行动中反映的方式生成自己的实践性知识;另一方面,教师的实践性知识的获得主要是在实践共同体中通过互动来实现的.前者是教师与问题情境的互动,后者是教师与重要他人之间的互动.对于缺乏反思意识和经验的新手教师来说,后者是获得实践性知识的一种便捷途径.文章通过一个善于学习的实习教师从指导老师手把手的指导中获得实践性知识的案例,证实教学是一种极具反思性的实践活动.对于处于实习过程中的新手教师而言,如何养成善于反思的习惯、增进反思的能力是教师教育值得关注的重要课题.     

教育实习期间师徒互动失衡的给养解读及预防路径

教育实习是师范生职业生涯的开始,是实习生感知与利用教育实习资源、应用所学专业知识和教学知识于实践的重要途径。从给养理论出发,师徒互动失衡的本质在于可感知给养不足、隐藏给养的错失、虚假给养与合理拒绝的多重阻碍。预防实习期间师徒互动失衡的关键在于,打通教师教育课程与教育实习之间先修后续的课程关系,实习前整体规划与设置实习给养的类型与目标,在教师教育课程中科学开展实习给养学习活动,实习期间跟踪反思师徒互动中的给养转化状况。     

基于实习生视角的师徒互动类型

教育实习是连接师范生理论知识与实践能力的重要环节,实习效果直接影响实习生的教育信念。实习是把双刃剑,有效的实习是实习生身份转换的"减震带",无效的实习反而会成为其职业倦怠的"催化剂"。实习的有效与否在很大程度上取决于与指导教师的互动状态。本研究从实习生的角度出发,探讨实习生与指导教师的不同互动类型,在此基础上为师徒有效互动提出几点建议。     

何以为师？——实习生的知识转化与身份获得

实习生专业成长过程中的知识转化与身份获得之间是什么关系？本文通过两个案例讨论实习生对教师知识、身份和两者关系的认识,及其对他们知识转化和身份认同的影响。研究发现,对实习生而言,知识与身份相互嵌套、紧密关联。他们对教师工作核心知识的认识在很大程度上决定了他们对教师身份的理解和认同,反之亦然。这表明,教师教育既要注重师范生学科知识的学习,也要注重他们教育性知识的发展。过于狭隘地将教师的学科知识作为其专业活动与教师身份的惟一合法基础,可能阻碍实习生的教师身份认同,误导他们对教育教学的理解。     

师徒互动对师范实习生专业观念的影响——交换理论的视角

师范生在实习时是如何学习的?他们与指导教师是如何互动的?师徒互动对他们学习教学有什么影响?——现有研究对这些问题鲜有深入探究。对现有实习制度安排下师徒互动中师范实习生专业观念的发展状况进行探索,有利于检验制度安排与师范实习生专业培养的合理性。本文采用个案研究方法,深入观察反向阻抑型师徒互动模式下的实习活动,结合布劳的交换理论,对其中权力的社会交换关系进行微观分析。研究发现:指导教师和实习生依照理性原则启动互动,在互惠原则和公正原则立场上平衡自己的付出与报酬。当报酬被对方认可时,双方易产生整合的倾向;当报酬被对方否认或拒绝时,双方易产生对立与分歧。师徒互动中权力的对立与整合对实习生影响重大,导致他们对自己在实习期间完成教学任务、实现教育目标的自我预期、判断和评价产生很大差异,并在一定程度上影响了他们的专业观念。在一些地方院校,实习生不仅在大多数情况下没有获得制度所规定的指导,而且在当地"实习无用""指导教师不管事只管分"等不良集体观念"合法化"下,对实习失去认可和信心。不过,即使在获得指导机会不均等的情况下,依旧有一些实习生通过权力的社会交换,得到了改变自己境遇的机会。     

师徒互动对动作技能形成影响的研究

师徒互动是指师与徒之间发生的各种相互作用和影响。在动作技能教学中，学习动机、知识技能与理论、讲解与示范等都是影响技能形成的因素。师徒互动的结果作用于师或徒，使师或徒的认知或情感发生变化，进而使徒的动作技能形成的相关因素发生变化，最终影响徒的动作技能的形成。因此，师徒双方都应该熟练把握动作技能形成的影响因素，有意识地控制和调整自己的情感，努力提高自己的认知水平。     

用ABC分析法探索师范实习生对指导教师的心理需求

运用问卷调查法、ABE分析法了解师范实习生对实习指导老师的期望和要求,寻找出了实习生最喜欢的指导老师的6个主要特征,实习生最不喜欢的指导老师的5个主要特征,实习生对实习指导老师最主要的5个希望。调查分析结果表明,实习指导老师应该具备以下良好素养：角色意识明确、责任感强、业务素质高、人际沟通能力强。     

谈高校基地教师指导实习生实习的有关问题

高师学生到基地实习是高师教育教学的重要组成部分，对基地教师指导实习工作进行研究很有必要。高校基地教师指导实习生要明确七个指导职责、遵循三个指导原则、确立三个指导方向。惟此，才能更好地完成实习执导的教学任务。     

教师的缄默知识对师生互动的影响探析

师生互动中存在着各种各样的缄默知识。由于教师在师生互动中的主导地位,教师的缄默知识成为了影响师生互动的一个重要因素。由于缄默知识的内隐性及其对人类实践活动的"向导"作用,教师的缄默知识在师生互动中可能充当一种基础性的内部动力,推进师生互动,并影响师生互动中师生的角色定位、互动的目标指向、互动的具体情境、互动的行为方式等不同方面。     

中学语文教师指导实习生的原则及重要环节

教学法理论界目前缺乏对中学教师指导实习生工作经验的提升与理论的指导。中学指导教师对师范生实习能力的发展和从教意识的强化负有重大责任。本文提出中学语文教师指导高师实习生的原则 :个性化原则、综合性原则、积极评价原则、创造性原则 ,并从实践经验的基础上总结出指导实习中应把握三个重要环节     

Exploring How Creating Stop-Motion Animations Supports Student Teachers in Learning to Teach Science

This article reports on an exploration of teaching and learning through creating rudimentary stop-motion animations set up to identify how learning opportunities involving stop-motion animations can support student learning and science teacher education. Participants were student teachers, volunteers representing both secondary and primary school teacher training courses, from three universities in England. Their discussions while making an animation themselves were recorded. Six of the secondary trainees were later interviewed after having taught using animation during placement in school. Thematic analysis of the content of the recordings and interviews showed that the student teachers view the opportunities that making an animation creates for peer discussion as the most likely to promote learning. Modeling was also seen as beneficial, though no one particular activity or stage in animation creation stood out as being more effective than another. It is the holistic process of representing and re-representing one's scientific knowledge in different modes that made animation creation appear to be so useful in bringing about and supporting learning. With respect to teacher education, the student science teachers reported that making animations themselves supported them in thinking through the process of how, as teachers, they would need to communicate the underpinning science to others. (Keywords: animation, teacher education, science teaching )     

Learning to Teach Mathematics Differently: The Interaction between Coursework and Fieldwork for Preservice Teachers

Understanding how preservice teachers integratecoursework and fieldwork as they learn to teach iscritical to understanding how to prepare teachers toimplement the kind of instruction envisioned bycurrent reforms in mathematics education. This articleexplores the connections that 3 preservice elementaryteachers made between their experiences as learners ofmathematics in a masters-level university methodscourse and their experiences as teachers ofmathematics in the fieldwork classroom. Three casestudies are presented in order to illustrate differentways that the experience of engaging in mathematicalinquiry influences the way in which elementarypreservice teachers construct their understanding ofthemselves as mathematics teachers. Taken together,the case studies suggest that we need to expand ourperspective as teacher educators to encompass learningfrom the fieldwork experience as well as preserviceteacher learning beyond the conclusion of thesemester. In particular, I conclude that the goals ofa methods course should include developing andnurturing particular habits of mind that helppreservice teachers learn from their own teaching.     

对学生挑选任课教师制度的几点思考

学校在开设选修课的基础上,又在公共课与专业课范围内实行由学生根据自己的意愿挑选任课教师的制度,执行任课教师待遇与听课学生人数相挂钩.     

运用同伴指导提高师范生的学教能力

同伴指导作为视导技术的补充和辅助方式,常被认为是对师范生学教影响微弱的资源,缺乏研究和利用.同伴互助指导能够为师范生学习教学提供一种维持性的平等环境,这种安全环境能够让双方逐步认识到教学的复杂性,逐步提高交流的层次和标准,也能加深双方对课堂行为评价标准理解的深度和广度.同伴指导作为师范生学教的辅助和补充手段,应该与大学视导人员、中学指导教师的主导有机结合.     

大学生资助对学业发展的影响

多层次、多类型助学体系的推行提高了高等教育的入学机会和可负担性,促进了教育起点的公平.然而学者尚未系统地分析学生资助对个人学习行为、学业发展和成就的影响,因此很难确定资助政策是否也促进了教育过程和结果的公平.本文使用三省19个高校的学生调查数据,分析了学生资助对个人学业发展的影响.研究发现学生资助学习成绩正相关、与课程不及格负相关、与课外学习时间正相关,但是与学校满意度无显著相关关系.由此可见,学生资助在一定程度上促进了教育过程和结果公平.     

Learning to Teach

Simon Prokhovnik retired last year after twenty‐five years as a lecturer (and ultimately Associate‐Professor) at the University of New South Wales. He suggests that University lecturing is an art whose successful practice demands imagination and scholarship, application and enthusiasm; and that the only venue for learning this art is in the University itself.     

Preparing Elementary Pre-Service Teachers from a Non-Traditional Student Population to Teach with Technology

This article documents the development of a two-stage curriculum intended to improve elementary teacher candidates’ understanding of technology integration. Most students in the program came from low-income districts and lacked technology experience. The first stage of the curriculum consisted of a prerequisite basic technology skills course offered by the Computer Science Department. This was then followed by an online educational technology course offered by the College of Education. The objectives of the authors in this article are twofold. The first is to describe the rationale, procedures, and design of a two-stage curriculum, as a pedagogical model for teaching elementary teacher candidates to teach with technology, with the goal of preparing a new generation of teachers who are capable and comfortable applying a broad range of advanced technologies to meet the learning needs of their students. The second objective is to share the authors' findings from the evaluation, which employed mixed methodologies, after the students completed the online educational technology course. The results showed that an online educational technology course contributed to the candidates’ development of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge and improved their attitudes and beliefs on their technology integration practices.