我国可可粉的应用和生产现状、问题分析与对策

本文对当前我国可可粉的应用和生产现状进行了阐述，分析了劣质(假冒)可可粉充斥市场的原因，并对如何规范可可粉加工行业进行了探讨。     

干杯

昨天晚上,大勇去看奶奶,奶奶给了他一角钱。一角钱,买什么好呢?大勇放学回家,一边走一边想。嗯,买可可粉,可以冲一大杯,决定了! 大勇买了一包可可粉,七分钱,还找回来三分钱。他拿了找头正想回家去,忽然一想,不好!要是弟弟看见了,也要喝,这可怎么办?两个人喝一杯,多没劲呀!得     

市饮料厂引进设备的超前培训

市饮料厂是在生产液体糖浆的基础上发展起来的一个小厂,现有职工420人,主要产品为汽水、可可粉等液、固体饮料,1981年该厂从日本引进了一套32头汽水瓶装生产线。由于他们一开始就挑选素质好的工人并注意对他们进行系统、严格的超前技术培     

干杯

昨天晚上,大勇去看奶奶,奶奶给了他一角钱。一角钱,买什么好呢?大勇放学回家,一边走一边想。嗯,买可可粉,可以冲一大杯,决定了! 大勇买了一包可可粉,七分钱,还找回来三分钱。他拿了找头正想回家去,忽然一想,不好!要是弟弟看见了,也要喝,这可怎么办?两个人喝一杯,多没劲呀!得想个办法——有了,他拿找回来的三分钱,又买了两颗奶糖。     

巧克力的甜蜜与真相

巧克力本质上说是一种糖果,不过它显然大大超越了其他糖果——不仅作为"爱的载体"在情人节时担任了形象大使,在西方表示祝贺、歉疚、感谢之意时,也都可以送一盒巧克力来传达。巧克力到底是个什么样的东西,有什么特别之处呢?巧克力的核心原料是可可脂与可可粉。可可豆经过发酵、烘烤、去皮等处理之后,被研磨压榨成"可可浆",也叫"可可液块"。可可浆能够被分离成为可可脂和可可粉,然后进一步加工成其他食物。可可脂其实是一种植物油,其饱和     

试试做

特制奶油香蕉冰淇淋甜食 需要准备 一杯冰牛奶 一杯半冰冻香蕉条 半杯菠萝块 一大汤勺可可粉 4颗用于点缀的樱桃     

“烘”出来的圣诞味

饼干备料： 低筋面粉130g、可可粉15g、黄油75g、糖粉70g、全蛋30g、香草精7滴、泡打粉1/4小勺。     

别让孩子常吃巧克力

五百年前,印第安人用玉米面、香草兰、可可粉等做成一种饮料,因有苦味,便称它为“巧克力”,释成汉语,就是“苦水”的意思。为了减轻苦味,欧洲人就加进了许多白糖。现在的     

用心做点心

水晶核桃原料:小麦淀粉450克,玉米淀粉90克,白砂糖80克,核桃粉或可可粉10克,沸水750ml,猪油10克,豆沙馅儿300克,蜂蜜适量。     

人类迁徙的燃料来自粪便?

如要你认为现在阿拉斯加的冬天看起来很冷的话,那么想象一下几千年前会是什么样。在中央暖气与热可可粉还未发明之前,科学家们认为,要穿过苔原移居到北美去生存,没有树木和柴火是根本无法忍受那种寒冷的。     

Nutritional and microbiological evaluations of chocolate-coated Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) fruit for commercial use

In recent years, China has become an increasingly important and the largest chestnut producer in the world. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional value and microbiological quality of the roasted freeze-dried Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) (RFDC) coated with dark chocolate (DCC) and milk chocolate (MCC) for industrial use and commercial consumption.Chocolate coating significantly improved the nutritional value of chestnut. RFDC had high levels of starch (66.23%) and fibers (3.85%) while DCC and MCC contained significantly high amounts of sucrose, protein, fat and minerals. Furthermore, the protein content doubled in MCC rather than in DCC. This could be attributed to the different formulations in the two products. Milk powder and whey protein constituted the source of protein in MCC while cocoa powder added to MCC formulation constituted an additional source of minerals. The amino acid profile showed differences in amino acid composition related to the sample's protein content, indicating their good nutritional quality. The moisture contents in all RFDC, DCC and MCC were suitable for industrial processing. These results provide information about the additional nutrients of chocolate-coated chestnut and confirm that the product is an interesting nutritional food. The combination of freeze-drying and chocolate-coating generally results in greater reductions on microbiological loads, extending shelf life of harvested chestnut for commercial application. This is an alternative strategy to add value to chestnut, minimizing the significant losses in harvested fruits and providing a wider range of choices of new products to the consumer disposal.     

The Impact of Farmer Field Schools on Human and Social Capital: A Case Study from Ghana

Abstract

Based on a case study of Ghanaian cocoa farmers who attended farmer field schools (FFS), this paper explores the impact of the FFS methodology on farmers’ technical knowledge, experimentation, knowledge diffusion, group formation and social skills as a way of assessing whether the relatively high costs associated with the method is justified. We carried out focus group discussions for exploratory purposes and a formal survey of 70 FFS graduates and 70 non-FFS farmers. The superior knowledge test scores of FFS graduates relative to non-FFS farmers demonstrates the effectiveness of the method for communicating complex knowledge and information to farmers in a way that allows them to understand it and retain it. An assessment of changes in farmers’ experimental capacity showed variable results. On the one hand, a significant proportion of FFS graduates applied some of the principles and practices learned to solve productivity problems with other crops, while others did not perceive any change in their experimentation behaviour. Significantly, an important skill farmers learned in the FFS was making observations on cocoa trees and the wider ecosystem as the basis for decision-making. The case study confirmed that FFS strengthened social cohesion among cocoa farmers and enhanced individual social skills by creating new networks for knowledge exchange and support, promoting group formation and improving farmers’ confidence and ability to work more effectively in groups. The paper concludes by recommending areas for improving FFS and highlights how strengthening human and social capital in cocoa growing communities can serve as a springboard for broader development activities.     

Sumak kawsay: Social Empowerment through Participatory User‐Centred Design in Ecuador

The aim of this article is to direct the social design debate to constructivist approaches to design education in the Global South. This article provides insight into the process of participatory user‐centred design involving Ecuadorian third year graphic design students and cocoa cultivators of limited resources in Ecuador. The students and cacaoteros become codesigners of a brand identity for the farmers’ association by means of an extensive review of literature on cocoa cultivation and commercialisation in Latin America, in‐depth interviews with community members on the traditional farming practices of cocoa growing communities in Northern Ecuador and the data collected from the students’ participation in and observation of the lifestyle within the community. This article illustrates the ‘wicked’ problems faced by these design students and the relevance of their experience to the study of social design practices and design education in developing countries.     

基于EDEM的激光熔覆粉末利用率仿真分析

针对现有同轴载气激光熔覆粉末利用率低的不足,设计环式同轴载气激光熔覆头,利用离散单元法对熔覆粉末在粉流道内的运动进行仿真分析,研究熔覆头喷嘴结构参数对粉末汇聚和利用率的影响规律。结果发现,粉流道夹角对粉焦距和汇聚性能影响较大,当夹角为36°时,粉末颗粒分布较为集中,熔覆头的粉末利用率达到最高48.5%。研究成果可为熔覆头结构设计提供理论依据。     

白土粉尘回收及尾气净化技术的研究及应用

介绍了在工业装置的白土粉料密相输送系统中，采用一步旋分回收白土粉尘，二步湿式除尘净化尾气的联合技术，较好地解决了白土粉尘回收及尾气净化的技术难题。     

粉末微电极的制备及特征分析

粉末微电极是用一般的粉末材料填入被腐蚀了的微盘电极空腔中制得的微电极．它是多孔电极与微电极的有机结合．粉末微电极的端面具有微盘电极的直径以及表观面积,而粉层部分具有多孔电极的性质．因而,相对于平面微盘电极,粉末微电极的实际有效反应表面积显著提高．相应地,粉末微电极上氧化还原电对的表现交换电流密度以及表现可逆性显著增加．这些特征已成功地应用于化学电源、电催化以及生物电化学等领域．     

ZrO_2纳米复合粉末制备及其应用

ZrO2纳米复合粉末具有高比表面积和高活性等特性,可以显著提高催化剂效率,因而其纳米微粒在催化方面的应用很广.并且获得的高纯、超细、均匀的ZrO2复合粉末还是制备优良性能的ZrO2陶瓷材料的关键.本文介绍ZrO2纳米粉末的制备及其在工业生产上的应用.     

纸粉—聚乙稀复合材料的制备与性能

以马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯为偶联剂,利用双螺杆挤出机一次反应制备了纸粉—聚乙烯复合材料,并用偏光显微镜、毛细管流变仪和其它手段研究了HDPE基-纸粉复合材料的表面形貌、流变性能及其尺寸稳定性和防潮能力。结果表明,添加20%的纸粉,并用相对于纸粉含量30%的偶联剂处理填料,可制得加工性能较好的复合材料,复合材料较原木具有较好的防胀效率和抗吸水效率。     

粉煤灰及矿粉对水泥基注浆料性能的影响

以硅酸盐和硫铝酸盐复合水泥为基材制作水泥基注浆材料,分别讨论了不同类型、不同掺量的粉煤灰和矿粉对水泥基注浆材料的流动度、容重、膨胀率、抗压抗折强度的影响。结果表明:粉煤灰能有效地增加水泥基注浆料的流动度,当粉煤灰掺量低于20%时,可以提高注浆料的塑性膨胀率,当Ⅰ级粉煤灰掺量为20%或Ⅱ级粉煤灰掺量为15%时,3 h膨胀率最高达1%;粉煤灰对注浆料的早期强度不利,但可以增强其后期强度。矿粉可以改善其流动度,随着矿粉的增加,注浆料的容重和膨胀率均呈下降趋势;矿粉对注浆料的28 d强度无显著影响,其早期强度随着矿粉的增加而下降,当S75矿粉掺量高于7%或S95矿粉掺量高于11%时,抗压抗折强度不满足规范要求。