To frame is to explain: a deductive frame-analysis of Dutch and French climate change coverage during the annual UN Conferences of the Parties

This study examines the way Dutch and French newspapers frame climate change during the annual United Nations Conferences of the Parties. The methods used in previous studies on the framing of climate change do not allow for general cross-national comparisons. We conduct a quantitative deductive framing analysis on 257 quality Dutch and French newspaper articles between 2001 and 2007. Both countries' newspapers seem to frame climate change through mainly the same lens. The majority of the articles make reference to the consequences of the (non-)pursuit of a certain course of action and of possible losses and gains (consequences frame). Additionally, many articles mention the need for urgent actions, refer to possible solutions and suggest that governments are responsible for and/or capable of alleviating climate change problems (responsibility frame). Finally, the conflict frame was found to be used less often than the aforementioned frames, but more regularly than the human interest frame.     

Maria Sibylla Merian and the metamorphosis of natural history

Known primarily for creating beautiful images of butterflies and flowers, Maria Sibylla Merian (German, 1647-1717) has remained largely unappreciated for her seminal contribution to early modern natural history. Merian was indeed a talented artist, but she clearly thought of herself as a naturalist, and employed both text and images to depict lepidopteran metamorphosis and behavior with unprecedented accuracy and detail. Merian documented larvae and adult insects feeding not only on plants, but also on other animals, and she depicted other creatures preying on insects. An image of battling spiders and ants and the accompanying text in her 1705 Metamorphosis insectorum surinamensium illuminated the world of tropical arthropods in a way that was groundbreaking, and set the stage for a new way to envision nature.     

Strategic framing of enabling technologies: Insights from firms digitizing smell and taste

Strategic framing of a technology refers to activities that firms undertake to create favorable meaning for their technologies and foster their adoption. The success of such framing depends on the extent to which these technologies resonate with audiences within local settings. This paper examines how firms approach strategic framing activities to establish resonance in multiple local contexts when producing enabling technologies, i.e., novel technologies that address multiple and heterogeneous markets. Through a longitudinal case study of three companies that produce technologies to digitize smell and taste, this study offers a dynamic understanding of strategic framing by companies as they switch between different frames to establish resonance with audiences within and across markets.     

Socio-cultural framing during the emergence of a technological field: Creating cultural resonance for solar technology

This paper depicts how cultural resonance for novel technologies is constructed as a gradual, interactive process. We adopt a cultural framing perspective and strive to understand how actors assign meaning to the novel technology and determine its appropriateness for the local context. Existing research has largely focused on the strategic and political aspects of field framing processes through depicting conscious framing struggles between protagonist and antagonist actors. In addition to such strategic framing activities, we examine how other socio-cultural factors, such as changes in actor positions, interaction between framing activities, and the cultural “repertoire” of frames interact in producing cultural resonance. For our empirical case study, we followed the emerging technological field of solar energy during an intensive period of change. Our study contributes to the growing number of studies that draw attention to the creation of cultural resonance as an interactive multi-actor process by offering in-depth understanding of the multifaceted interactions that constitute the meaning-making process for an emerging field.     

Controversial medical and agri-food biotechnology: a cultivation analysis

Whether biotechnology is one or several developments is not clear. Once distinctions are required, the question is: Which one prevails? When the good, the bad, and the ugly settle, where do they fall? Evaluation implies distinction, and representation drives attitude. The controversies over biotechnology are fertile ground on which to study these issues. The imports of genetically modified (GM) soya into Europe in 1996-97 and the cloning of Dolly the sheep from adult cells in 1997 changed the symbolic environment for genetic engineering. The ensuing public controversies came to focus mainly on field trials of GM crops and food labeling. This paper will explore the relationship between quality press coverage and public perception, in particular the cultivation of the contrast between "desirable" biomedical (RED) and "undesirable" agri-food (GREEN) biotechnology in Britain. The argument draws on a systematic analysis of the British press coverage of biotechnology from 1973 to 1999 and analysis of public perceptions in 1996 and 1999. The paper concludes that the debate over GM crops and food ingredients fostered the RED-GREEN contrast among the newspaper-reading public, thereby shielding RED biotechnology from public controversy, and ushered in a realignment of the regulatory framework in 2000.     

German politics of genetic engineering and its deconstruction

Policy-making, as exemplified by biotechnology policy, can be understood as an attempt to manage a field of discursivity, to construct regularity in a dispersed multitude of combinable elements. Following this perspective of politics as a textual process, the paper interprets the politicization of genetic engineering in Germany as a defence of the political as a regime of heterogeneity, as a field of 'dissensus' rather than 'consensus', and a rejection of the idea that the framing of technological transformation is an autonomous process. From its beginning in the early 1970s, genetic engineering was symbolically entrenched as a key technology of the future, and as an integral element of the German politics of modernization. Attempts by new social movements and the Green Party to displace the egalitarian imaginary of democratic discourse into the politics of genetic engineering were construed by the political élites as an attack on the political order of post-World War II Germany. The 1990 Genetic Engineering Law attempted a closure of this controversy. But it is precisely the homogenizing idiom of this 'settlement' which continues to nourish the social movements and their radical challenge to the definitions and codings of the politics of genetic engineering.     

数字信息服务系统构建模式分析

本文提出二种数字信息服务系统构建模式,分别探讨了不同模式下数字信息服务系统及其系统组成运行情况。最后针对数字信息服务系统合作模式中的各方利益冲突根据博弈理论提出调解方法。     

Foodborne microbial risks in the press: the framing of listeriosis in Canadian newspapers

Outbreaks of foodborne illness generally receive abundant print media coverage. However, the framing of outbreaks and representations of foodborne pathogens in the media discourse are not necessarily homogeneous. Drawing on previous research on media coverage of emerging diseases and on the conceptual tools of framing theory, this paper explores the diversity of frames and representations used in the media coverage of two listeriosis outbreaks that occurred in Canada in fall 2008. In the dominant war against microbes frame, microbes are portrayed as posing serious risks that call for stringent control measures. This frame coexists with other frames which rather emphasize economic, ecosystem or nutrition issues and which are supported by representations of microbial risks that either mitigate these risks, present them as inevitable or as less serious than others. The implications of these observations for the public understanding of foodborne microbial risks are discussed.     

An integrated model for textual social media data with spatio-temporal dimensions

GPS-enabled devices and social media popularity have created an unprecedented opportunity for researchers to collect, explore, and analyze text data with fine-grained spatial and temporal metadata. In this sense, text, time and space are different domains with their own representation scales and methods. This poses a challenge on how to detect relevant patterns that may only arise from the combination of text with spatio-temporal elements. In particular, spatio-temporal textual data representation has relied on feature embedding techniques. This can limit a model’s expressiveness for representing certain patterns extracted from the sequence structure of textual data. To deal with the aforementioned problems, we propose an Acceptor recurrent neural network model that jointly models spatio-temporal textual data. Our goal is to focus on representing the mutual influence and relationships that can exist between written language and the time-and-place where it was produced. We represent space, time, and text as tuples, and use pairs of elements to predict a third one. This results in three predictive tasks that are trained simultaneously. We conduct experiments on two social media datasets and on a crime dataset; we use Mean Reciprocal Rank as evaluation metric. Our experiments show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art methods ranging from a 5.5% to a 24.7% improvement for location and time prediction.     

Implicit media frames: automated analysis of public debate on artificial sweeteners

The framing of issues in the mass media plays a crucial role in the public understanding of science and technology. This article contributes to research concerned with the analysis of media frames over time by making an analytical distinction between implicit and explicit media frames, and by introducing an automated method for the analysis of implicit frames. In particular, we apply a semantic maps method to a case study on the newspaper debate about artificial sweeteners, published in the New York Times between 1980 and 2006. Our results show that the analysis of semantic changes enables us to filter out the dynamics of implicit frames, and to detect emerging metaphors in public debates. Theoretically, we discuss the relation between implicit frames in public debates and the codification of meaning and information in scientific discourses, and suggest further avenues for research interested in the automated analysis of frame changes and trends in public debates.     

A systematic study of knowledge graph analysis for cross-language plagiarism detection

Cross-language plagiarism detection aims to detect plagiarised fragments of text among documents in different languages. In this paper, we perform a systematic examination of Cross-language Knowledge Graph Analysis; an approach that represents text fragments using knowledge graphs as a language independent content model. We analyse the contributions to cross-language plagiarism detection of the different aspects covered by knowledge graphs: word sense disambiguation, vocabulary expansion, and representation by similarities with a collection of concepts. In addition, we study both the relevance of concepts and their relations when detecting plagiarism. Finally, as a key component of the knowledge graph construction, we present a new weighting scheme of relations between concepts based on distributed representations of concepts. Experimental results in Spanish–English and German–English plagiarism detection show state-of-the-art performance and provide interesting insights on the use of knowledge graphs.     

Enhancing web page classification through image-block importance analysis

We present a term weighting approach for improving web page classification, based on the assumption that the images of a web page are those elements which mainly attract the attention of the user. This assumption implies that the text contained in the visual block in which an image is located, called image-block, should contain significant information about the page contents. In this paper we propose a new metric, called the Inverse Term Importance Metric, aimed at assigning higher weights to important terms contained into important image-blocks identified by performing a visual layout analysis. We propose different methods to estimate the visual image-blocks importance, to smooth the term weight according to the importance of the blocks in which the term is located. The traditional TFxIDF model is modified accordingly and used in the classification task. The effectiveness of this new metric and the proposed block evaluation methods have been validated using different classification algorithms.     

Framing processes in public commentary on US federal tobacco control regulation

Governmental health policy officials increasingly seek to promote public participation in expert and technical decisions regarding health regulation. The issues of what r?le the public plays in regulatory processes, and how health policy officials orient to public opinion, matter especially in the US context, where public commentary is a requisite component of federal rule-making. This paper examines written commentary as one specific, institutionalized form of public participation. To understand the relationship between scientific evidence and public commentary in public health regulation, we examine a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation, proposed in 1995, to restrict the promotion and sale of tobacco products to minors. We use recent work on collective action frames to analyse how the FDA framed the proposed regulation as a rational, science-based policy; the discursive practices employed in the public commentary either to embrace or to contest the FDA's framing; and how the agency presented the final version of its rule as responsive to that public commentary. Our content analyses reveal a significant disparity between the FDA's emphasis on scientific evidence and the commentators' emphases on political and ideological frames, which we analyse in terms of counter-framing. An orientation to the dynamics of framing and counter-framing contributes to an understanding of the relationship between scientific evidence and public commentary in the formulation of controversial health policy regulations.     

Pandora's Box or panacea? Using metaphors to create the public representations of biotechnology

This paper addresses the use of metaphors in creating public representations of biotechnology in the United Kingdom's leading quality press. Metaphors referring to biotechnology and its applications have been analyzed in press articles covering the period 1973-1996. The paper describes how metaphors can be used to popularize complex technical information while at the same time providing a highly charged message about the technology itself. The analysis draws conclusions about the content and general direction of the debate on biotechnology during the past three decades.     

视听心理学在CAI课件中的应用

本文阐述了多媒体CAI中添加颜色、文字、图像、声音、动画各要素时,应注意的视听心理问题,使视听心理学合理地应用于多媒体CAI中,提高学习效果。     

金属活动态提取技术在多龙铜矿区的应用

通过对褐铁矿化（铁帽）中Cu、Pb、Zn等元素活动相态（即水溶相、吸附相、碳酸盐相、铁锰氧化物相）的测定,比较主要成矿元素相态空间变化规律,元素各相态变化时与成矿元素总量的关系,从而研究相态变化时对成矿与否的指示意义,以及相态变化对成矿中心的预测.本文通过顺序提取法对成矿元素各个相态逐一研究,结合前人成果从而寻求一种寻找成矿矿床的新的思路.此外与以往不同,本论文采用的样品为初碎样品,主要测试样品表面成矿元素在各个相态中的含量,而非测试全岩含量,意在寻找一种通过表面残余相态成矿元素含量及规律来判断成矿与否以及成矿中心的新思路.     

浅谈小学语文四年级上第六单元批注式阅读教学--以18课《牛和鹅》为例

部编版语文四年级上册第六单元中的语文要素提出,要学生学习用批注的方法阅读。所谓的批注式阅读就是运用文字和符号在相应地方的空白处做标记,以帮助学生理解课文内容。一边阅读一边做批注是学习语文阅读的好方法。在学校实习期间,我通过语文批注式阅读教学发现了学生存在的问题,得到了一些教学启示和批注式阅读的教学策略。     

Using information gain to improve multi-modal information retrieval systems

Nowadays, access to information requires managing multimedia databases effectively, and so, multi-modal retrieval techniques (particularly images retrieval) have become an active research direction. In the past few years, a lot of content-based image retrieval (CBIR) systems have been developed. However, despite the progress achieved in the CBIR, the retrieval accuracy of current systems is still limited and often worse than only textual information retrieval systems. In this paper, we propose to combine content-based and text-based approaches to multi-modal retrieval in order to achieve better results and overcome the lacks of these techniques when they are taken separately. For this purpose, we use a medical collection that includes both images and non-structured text. We retrieve images from a CBIR system and textual information through a traditional information retrieval system. Then, we combine the results obtained from both systems in order to improve the final performance. Furthermore, we use the information gain (IG) measure to reduce and improve the textual information included in multi-modal information retrieval systems. We have carried out several experiments that combine this reduction technique with a visual and textual information merger. The results obtained are highly promising and show the profit obtained when textual information is managed to improve conventional multi-modal systems.     

Hilbert空间上框架的稳定性

采用构建线性同胚以影响框架结构的方法对Hilbert空间框架的稳定性进行了讨论,给出了框架扰动的一个比较简洁的结果,此外对于Riesz基也得到了类似的扰动结果。