高学历的人更容易抑郁吗?——教育对成年人抑郁情绪的影响

当前,许多媒体正在构建着关于抑郁症的种种"神话",认为抑郁症是一种"天才病",高级知识分子更易得抑郁症,但是关于教育和抑郁关系的实证研究国内却很少。基于中国家庭追踪调查数据,在控制了原生家庭背景和个人健康禀赋的前提下,关于教育对成年人抑郁情绪的影响效应和内在机制的研究表明:(1)教育对抑郁有着显著的影响,但并非简单的线性关系,而是存在着"健康红利"的上限。随着受教育程度的提升,抑郁水平会存在先下降后上升的"U"型态势,其临界点在于是否接受过高等教育。抑郁症确实更加青睐那些拥有研究生及以上学历的高知识阶层。(2)教育对于抑郁的影响存在着明显的年龄效应,会伴随着个体生命周期呈现出不同的模式与特征。随着年龄的增长,高学历群体的抑郁水平会逐渐下降。(3)教育能够通过改善个体的健康与认知能力,以及提升个体的社会经济地位从而降低其抑郁水平。"社会化机制"在其中发挥着重要的作用,教育更多是通过改善个体的自我认知与自我管理能力从而增进个体的心理健康水平的。上述结论意味着:在常规的学校教育之外,政府还可协同企事业单位和社会组织等加强对于社会公众的健康知识宣传与教育,提升公众的健康认知能力,培育公众良好的运动习惯。     

家庭因素对于中学生心理健康的影响

目的了解中学生家庭结构对其心理健康影响的差异,为有针对性地开展心理健康教育提供依据、探讨家庭经济水平感知和父母受教育程度对中学生心理健康及人格的影响。方法采用王极盛教授编制的中学生心理健康量表作为测量工具,对随机抽取的赣州市765名城乡的中学生进行测量,同时对家庭经济水平感知、其父母文化程度、家庭结构进行调查,以便深入提示心理问题的根源。用SPSS11.5软件进行处理。结果家庭经济水平感知与学生心理健康水平相关(P<.001),家庭结构影响中学生心理健康水平(P<.005),母亲的受教育程度与学生的心理健康水平相关较父亲的要大(其中母亲的为P<.000,父亲P>.05)。结论家庭经济水平及教养影响中学生的心理健康状况。     

医科大学新生UPI与SCL-90结果分析与讨论

目的:掌握医学院校大一新生心理健康状况,为有针对性开展心理健康工作提供科学依据.方法采用大学生人格问卷(UPI)和症状自评量表(SCL-90)对滨州医学院(烟台校区)1279名大学新生进行调查.结果:症状自评量表问题检出率为11.4%,UPI结果中A、B类学生占22.3%(264/1184).主要表现为人际关系敏感、环境改变与心理适应问题、抑郁、焦虑等方面;新生的心理健康状况与学生性别、专业满意程度、家庭经济状况等因素有关.结论:医科大学新生中存在不同程度心理健康问题者占有一定比例,对学生进行专业心理健康教育十分必要.     

山区小学生心理健康水平提升路径探索

山区小学生心理健康存在受重视程度不够,问题突出的现状。针对山区小学生普遍存在的突出心理问题,从以下几个方面着手提高小学生心理健康水平:(一)积蓄各方力量,建立有中国特色的山区心理健康教育体系。(二)建设适合山区特点的心理健康教育教师队伍。(三)加大政府对山区小学心理健康教育的经费投入。     

老年人内外向人格与心理健康:社会支持的中介效应

为考察社会支持在老年人内外向人格与心理健康之间的中介作用,采用分层随机抽样选取533名老人,采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、社会支持评定量表和症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行调查。结果发现,内外向人格和心理健康在性别上存在显著差异,内外向人格和心理健康在城乡上存在显著差异,社会支持和心理健康在年龄上存在显著差异,社会支持和心理健康在居住方式上存在显著差异,内外向人格、社会支持和心理健康在受教育程度上存在显著差异;内外向、社会支持与心理健康之间存在显著相关;社会支持在内外向人格与心理健康之间起部分中介效应,中介效应的效应量为29%。研究认为,内外向人格既可以直接影响老年人的心理健康水平,也可以通过影响老年人的社会支持程度进而影响其心理健康水平。     

经济特区被征地青年农民心理健康状况及影响因素研究

为了解经济特区被征地青年农民的心理健康状况及其影响因素,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、特质应对方式问卷(LES)、家庭亲密度与适应性量表(LESFACESⅡ-CV)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对珠海市被征地青年农民进行测评,结果表明:(1)除强迫、抑郁、人际关系因子外,被征地青年农民SCL-90各因子得分及总均分都高于国内青年组常模。(2)不同文化程度、居住方式、出生次序的青年农民心理健康水平不同。(3)相关分析、多元回归、结构方程模型分析结果表明,消极应对方式、家庭亲密度、社会支持都直接或间接地影响被征地青年农民的心理健康状况。其中消极应对方式的影响相对更重要。结论:经济特区被征地青年农民在心理健康方面存在一定问题,应加强对被征地青年农民的心理咨询与教育指导。     

学生不良情绪的教师知觉水平研究

该研究采用问卷法 ,以 75名初中教师为被试 ,探讨初中教师对学生 3种常见不良情绪 (抑郁、焦虑、孤独 )的知觉水平及影响因素 ,以便有针对性地开展初中生心理健康教育 ,以及为教师心理健康教育能力的研究提供实证性依据。结果表明 :①初中教师对学生的焦虑情绪知觉水平较高 ;②班主任对学生抑郁、孤独情绪知觉水平显著高于非班主任教师 ;③初中教师关于情绪理论知识的掌握程度对其知觉学生三种不良情绪的水平有显著的预测作用。     

实习护理生心理健康状况调查

为了了解本科实习护理学生心理健康状况以及探讨影响护理学生心理健康的相关因素,研究人员采用SCL-90和领悟社会支持量表(PSSS),对某医学院305名本科实习护理学生进行调查。结果表明:(1)实习护理生SCL-90得分与国内正常人群的比较中除敌对性低于常模外,其余因子均高于常模,且强迫、恐怖、精神病性等因子上与国内正常人群比较差异有统计学意义;(2)心理问题的检出率为10.45%,主要问题为人际敏感、强迫,抑郁;(3)SCL-90总分及各因子与社会领悟支持相关,且具有统计学意义。结果说明本科实习护理生心理健康水平与常模比较存在一定的差异,心理健康水平不佳,需要继续加强对护理生的心理健康教育,完善社会支持系统。     

影响中学生心理健康的因素及教育对策

用自编的中学生心理健康状况问卷对贵州省 818名中学生进行调查 ,结果表明 ,影响中学生心理健康较明显的因素有 :家庭结构、家长期望、亲子关系等家庭因素 ,师生关系等学校因素 ,学习问题和与异性交往状况等自身因素。根据研究结果 ,提出了相应的教育对策 :(1)发挥家庭的心理健康教育功能 ;(2 )开展心理健康教育 ,帮助学生建立良好的师生关系和同伴关系 ;(3)营造有助于心理健康发展的社会环境     

理工科新生心理健康状况及影响因素研究

采用症状自评量表SCL-90对河南省某理工科高校2013级7491名新生进行心理普查,分析了影响理工科新生心理健康的主要因素。研究结果表明:(1)大多数新生具有良好的心理素质,同时也有9.68%的学生存在不同程度的心理问题。(2)学生的心理问题主要集中在强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁和焦虑等方面。(3)性别、寄养经历等因素对学生的心理健康有显著影响。(4)独生子女与否以及家庭来源地对学生心理健康影响不大。     

Images of Leadership and their Effect Upon School Principals' Performance

The purpose of the present study is to identify how school principals perceive their world and how their perceptions influence their effectiveness as managers and leaders. The principals' views of their world were categorised into four different metaphorical ways of describing the workings of organisations: (1) the structural model (organisations as machines); (2) the human-resource model (organisations as organisms); (3) the political model (organisations as political systems); (4) the symbolic model (organisations as cultural patterns and clusters of myths and symbols). The results reveal that the best predictors of school principals' effectiveness as managers, according to their own assessments and teachers' reports, are the structural and human resource models, while the best predictors of effective leadership are the political and human-resource models.     

Transfer of information concerning distant foods in rats: A robust phenomenon

Following interaction with a “demonstrator” rat, an “observer” rat prefers that diet eaten by its demonstrator prior to their interaction (Galef & Wigmore, 1983). The present series of studies demonstrates that such demonstrator influence on observer diet preference can be found in: (1) first-generation laboratory bred wild rats as well as domesticated rats, (2) food-deprived as well as nondeprived observers, (3) unfamiliar as well as familiar demonstrator-observer pairs, (4) both 21-day-old and adult observers, and (5) rats selecting fluids as well as solids for ingestion. These data indicate that the social transmission of information concerning distant diets is a general and robust phenomenon, observable under a wide variety of experimental conditions.     

Prospective middle school mathematics teachers’ preconceptions of geometric translations

This article reports an analysis of 44 prospective middle school mathematics teachers’ pre-existing knowledge of rigid geometric transformations, specifically the geometric translations. The main data source for this study was the participants’ responses to the tasks that were presented during semi-structured clinical interviews. The findings of the study revealed that prospective teachers had difficulties recognizing, describing, executing, and representing geometric translations. The results indicated that teacher candidates held various views about the geometric translations: (1) translation as rotational motion, (2) translation as translational motion, and (3) translation as mapping. The results further revealed various interpretations of the vector that defines translations: (1) vector as a force, (2) vector as a line of symmetry, (3) vector as a direction indicator, and (4) vector as a displacement. Although many of the teacher candidates interviewed knew that a vector has a magnitude and a direction, this knowledge did not generally lead them to conclude that vectors define translations.     

Trajectories of Mentors’ Perceived Self-Efficacy during an Academic Mentoring Experience: What They Look Like and What are their Personal and Experimental Correlates?

In my study, mentors matched with college mentees evaluated their self-efficacy nine times, during their participation in an academic mentoring program. Three distinct groups emerged as follows: (a) mentors who perceived themselves as moderately efficient throughout the mentoring relationship (the moderate stable (MS) group), (b) mentors who considered themselves moderately efficient at the beginning of the match, and increasingly so as the relationship progressed (the increasing (IN) group), and (c) mentors who perceived themselves as very efficient at the beginning of the match, but who subsequently experienced slight fluctuations of their self-efficacy (the high unstable (HU) group). Several personal and experiential factors such as the mentors’ sensitivity to distress and the mentees’ parental autonomy support predicted the likelihood of belonging to the IN or HU groups (as opposed to the MS group). These findings are interpreted according to the premises of the self-efficacy theory. Implications for mentor selection and training are discussed.     

A Community Designs Its School

Teaching with film is a powerful and meaningful instructional strategy. This article discusses five classroom-tested methods for teaching with film: (1) film as a visual textbook, (2) film as a depicter of atmosphere, (3) film as an analogy, (4) film as a historiography, and (5) film as a springboard. Each of the methods discussed includes examples of a variety of films that could be used, along with suggested focus questions and conversation topics. Furthermore, this article discusses relevant legal issues surrounding the use of film in the classroom.     

Field dependence–independence as visuospatial and executive functioning in working memory: implications for instructional systems design and research

Field dependence–independence (FDI) has long been conceptualized and discussed as a cognitive style relevant to numerous educational approaches and outcomes. However, the FDI construct is most often measured as a cognitive ability, as opposed to a style, using instruments such as the Group-Embedded Figures test (GEFT) or the Hidden Figures Test (HFT). Specifically, FDI is typically measured as visuospatial ability and executive functioning in working memory. While measurement and use of FDI within psychological and educational research has often resulted in misleading or inconsistent discussion about cognitive styles, this review examines how the long history of FDI research continues to be relevant to contemporary instructional contexts. A broader recognition of FDI as ability is suggested in order to (a) better distinguish ability measurements from those of styles, (b) encourage a reinterpretation and awareness of theoretical connections among past studies that use instruments such as GEFT or HFT, and (c) highlight suggestions for future research and application, particularly with contemporary interactive multimedia learning tools.     

Understanding Periodicity as a Process with a Gestalt Structure

This paper presents a two phase investigation of how Israeli students (grades 3 to 12) understand the concept of periodicity. Qualitative study, including classroom observations, as well as interviews with students and with teachers, was performed as a first phase. Quantitative study, including a survey of 895 eleventh grade students, was performed as a second phase. Students' errors in relating to non-periodic phenomena and to non-periodic function as periodic, as well as their period preferment, were revealed in both phases and were classified. The evidence supports the claim that students understand periodicity as a process. The students' errors and preferences are discussed with reference to two frameworks: (1) the understanding of periodicity as a process, (2) the Gestalt theory.     

新型咪唑啉两性表面活性剂的合成

以十二醇双氧乙烯基乙酸为原料，与二乙三胺反应合成了咪唑啉环，进而合成了乙酸盐型咪唑啉两性表面活性剂，测定了其水溶液的表面张力，起泡性能，临界胶束浓度，讨论了反应条件对表面活性剂性能的影响。     

Roles of Teachers in Orchestrating Learning in Elementary Science Classrooms

This study delves into the different roles that elementary science teachers play in the classroom to orchestrate science learning opportunities for students. Examining the classroom practices of three elementary science teachers in Singapore, we found that teachers shuttle between four key roles in enabling student learning in science. Teachers can play the role of (1) dispenser of knowledge (giver), (2) mentor of learning (advisor), (3) monitor of students’ activities (police), and (4) partner in inquiry (colearner). These roles are dynamic, and while teachers show a preference for one of the four roles, factors such as the nature of the task, the types of students, as well as the availability of time and resources affect the role that teachers adopt. The roles that teachers play in the classroom have implications for the practice of science as inquiry in the classroom as well as the identities that teachers and students form in the science learning process.     

普通话语音规范化的现实思考

当前普通话语音的规范化情况不容乐观,不符合规范的读音经常出现在广播电视和老百姓的口中,给普通话的普及、提高带来极大的负面影响.文章结合广播电视、人民群众的实际运用情况,对一些经常读错、容易读错的字词进行分析,以不影响交际为原则,提出规范意见,以利于普通话的学习、应用,提高普通话的规范化水平.