The changing place of careers guidance in schools

National Institute for Careers Education and Counselling (jointly sponsored by the Careers Research and Advisory Centre and by Hatfield Polytechnic). Research interests include careers guidance and the relationship between education and work. Has acted as a consultant to international organisations including the European Commission, OECD and Unesco. Books include Career Development in Britain, Work Experience in Schools,and Education, Unemployment and the Future of Work.     

差异化竞争战略和大学生职业规划指导

由于激烈的就业市场竞争的冲击,我国当前的大学生职业规划状况不容乐观,职业规划指导也面临挑战.为了帮助大学毕业生提高竞争力,应该将差异化竞争理论引入大学生职业规划指导,培养大学生的差异化技能.差异化技能的选择和培养应该遵循对工作有用、别人不容易模仿、容易在就业市场上体现等原则,而差异化技能的培养要求教师和学校不但要熟悉就业市场,而且要能够发掘学生的兴趣、爱好和特长,同时还要提供一定的技术支持.     

The Japanese ‘lifetime employment system’ and its implications for careers guidance

The lifetime employment system in Japan offers employees a high degree of job security. The characteristics, foundations, extent and effects of the system are examined, as are some present strains upon it. The system's implications for education and for careers guidance in Japan are then explored. The structure of guidance services in schools, in employment offices, in universities and colleges, and for adults, are described, and are related both to the lifetime employment system and to other features of Japanese society.     

试论如何做好高校毕业生就业困难群体的就业指导与服务

本文以高校毕业生就业困难群体为研究对象,在归纳毕业生就业困难群体类型的基础上,分析了毕业生就业困难群体产生的原因,同时提出了做好毕业生就业困难群体职业指导与服务的具体建议与措施。     

Rationalising for and against a policy of school-led careers guidance in STEM in the U.K.: a teacher perspective

This paper reports on teacher attitudes to changes in the provision of careers guidance in the U.K., particularly as it relates to Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). It draws on survey data of n?=?94 secondary-school teachers operating in STEM domains and their attitudes towards a U.K. and devolved policy of internalising careers guidance within schools. The survey presents a mixed message of teachers recognising the significance of their unique position in providing learners with careers guidance yet concern that their ‘relational proximity’ to students and ‘informational distance’ from higher education and STEM industry may produce bias and misinformation that is harmful to their educational and occupational futures.     

Mergers and Linkages in British Higher Education

In its pursuit of the cost-effective expansion of higher education (HE), the British Conservative government has strongly encouraged competition and has opened the HE sector to the influence of market forces. This policy has certainly helped to drive down unit costs but it also has an inherent destructive potential which requires to be mitigated by a whole spectrum of collaborative structures. To study the interplay between competition and co-operation in British higher education, it is useful to focus on the relationships between higher education institutions (HEIs) as manifested in mergers (both actual, proposed and ‘failed’) and the various forms of inter-institutional linkage which are leading to a re-alignment of HEIs in the post-binary era. A number of forms of linkage, stopping short of merger, are defined and illustrated: for example, affiliation, validation, accreditation, franchising and access arrangements, and the important function of consortia is underlined. However, because they exist within a matrix which is basically competitive, such forms of co-operation are subject to stress and disruption. The British higher education system manifests an unusual degree of flexibility which has enabled it to adapt organically to new policies and challenges. It is more permeable than that of most other European countries, but this permeability is gradually being endangered by increasing UK reliance on formal legislation in HE. Experience abroad, notably in Australia, indicates that wholesale dissolution of boundaries, combined with fierce forms of competition, can in the end lead to serious deterioration in educational standards. A balance between competition and co-operation must be sought, but can never be ‘established’ once and for all because external circumstances require it to be constantly re-adjusted. The research on which this paper is based was carried out with funds from the Economic and Social Research Council and from the Faculty of Education Research Committee of the University of Ulster.     

Teacher careers and school improvement

A recent national curriculum guide for upper secondary schools in my home country, Iceland, requires secondary schools to work towards equality and five other overarching aims. This requirement raises questions about to what extent secondary schools have to change their curricula in order to approach these aims or work towards them in an adequate way. Textbooks on curriculum theory commonly invite their readers to choose between different perspectives that are presented as mutually exclusive. From one perspective, they tend to emphasize academic subjects, to the exclusion of perspectives that focus on improvement of society or individual development. There are, however, reasons to doubt that organizing a curriculum emphasizing general aims such as equality excludes using academic subjects as its principal building blocks. In this paper, I argue that if we take equality seriously as an aim of education, we should indeed emphasize academic school subjects, just as advocates of liberal education have done for a long time. Focusing on subjects and focusing on aims, such as equality, are therefore not mutually exclusive perspectives but two aspects that must coexist in any reasonable and sound pedagogy.     

Outcomes of two different methods in careers education

This evaluative study compares two different approaches in careers education, an experiential approach and a cognitive approach. Participants were 306 Icelandic adolescents split into three groups, an experiential, a cognitive and a control group. The evaluative criteria were chosen with expressed learning objectives in mind. The cognitive and the experiential groups progressed significantly more than the control group, with the cognitive group surpassing the experiential group on the integration level of vocational constructs, which is interpreted as progress in organised thinking of occupations. Implications for practice are discussed.     

大学毕业生放弃在城市的事业

找工作、应聘、面试,都是迈向社会的起点,而今年,全球经济危机使得全球众多企业和机构裁员, 2009年的大学毕业生在求职道路上更是雪上加霜,于是很多人把目光放到了薪水更低的工作上。     

Identifying threshold concepts in the careers of educational developers

The purpose of this multiple case study was to identify threshold concepts in the careers of educational developers. Twenty-one common threshold concepts emerged, with one threshold concept common among all participants: Facilitating a change process. The remaining 20 threshold concepts were captured in the following three categories: (1) Ways of knowing and being that facilitate change in individuals and in groups; (2) Ways of knowing and being that facilitate systemic change and (3) Core ways of knowing and being. Study results may provide guidance for the design of initial and ongoing formation programmes in educational development.     

提升联合办学水平的三条纽带--西南联大的成功经验与启示

西南联大是中国高等教育史上联合办学的成功案例。本文对西南联大的成功办学经验进行了深入剖析,指出,精神纽带、制度纽带和资源纽带是提升联合办学水平的三条纽带。只有注重和发挥这三者的作用,大学的联合办学才能超越“形”和“体”的层面,进入到“神”和“灵”的境界,取得理想的办学成效。