陆启铿院士谈华罗庚

<正>美国《科学》杂志上世纪80年代初的一篇文章说,华罗庚在中国人民的地位,有如爱因斯坦之在美国,我想这并不是说华罗庚的科学成就堪与爱因斯坦相比。但是在美国大多数人民并不知道相对论是什么东西,他也不清楚,但是他们为爱因斯坦的人格魅力所感动,中国的广大人民也一样,他们为华罗庚拖着病残之躯,走遍中国,到工厂,矿山、油田、农村,深入群众,为的是祖国建设尽自己的     

全面解读爱因斯坦大脑

<正>爱因斯坦一直被视为科学奇才,在其去世后,一些研究人员希望通过对其大脑的研究来解开这位科学巨匠获得成功的奥秘。然而,对爱因斯坦大脑研究的一些结果披露后,得出了截然不同的结论。一种结论是,爱因斯坦的大脑与常人有较大差异,因此造就了爱因斯坦这     

量子电子航空 开启崭新世纪——世界科技一百年（二）20世纪初10年

20世纪是新的科学技术革命的世纪,它发端于19世纪和20世纪交替时期开始的物理学革命。继16世纪中叶哥白尼的近代天文学革命（154;5年）之后,1g世纪末一系列新的科学发现,如伦琴发现×射线（1895年）、贝克勒尔发现放射性（1896年）、汤姆逊发现电子（1897年）、居里夫妇发现钋和镭（1898年）等,揭开了20世纪头30年物理学革命的序幕,在20世纪初1O年则诞生了普朗克的量子论（1900年）和爱因斯坦的狭义相对论（1905年）。     

爱因斯坦科学方法论思想研究

爱因斯坦创建的相对论引领了20世纪初的物理学革命,他在科学研究中所遵循的方法论原则也成为现代科学的一大财富。坚定的信念是爱因斯坦进行科学研究的坚实基础,怀疑态度和批判精神是爱因斯坦科学方法的内在精神,而唯理论的哲学倾向和简单性的美学原则也是爱因斯坦取得伟大科学成就的重要因素。研究爱因斯坦的科学方法论思想对当代科学的发展与进步有着重要的意义。     

宇宙间最不可理解的事

宇宙间最不可理解的事情是,它是可以理解的。——爱因斯坦     

爱因斯坦的科学宽容思想与科学宽容精神

爱因斯坦不仅在思想观念上主张科学宽容,而且在行动上倡导和实践科学宽容精神。他主张宽容即互相了解、互相谅解,尊重不同的观点和差异;给人以客观、公正的评价;宽容不仅是善待别人,还应该善待自我。宽容的主体是国家和社会。自由是科学进步的前提,宽容是自由的保证。在实践中,爱因斯坦待人宽容谦和,淡泊名利,倡导和追求宽容的学术环境。     

甘永超：万事俱备 只欠东风

在世界科学发展史上,有这样一个引人注目的往事：1905年,爱因斯坦揭示了“第一种波粒二象性（光的波粒二象性）”,1916年密立根对此进行了验证,两人分别在1921年、1923年度获得诺贝尔物理学奖;1923年,德布罗意揭示了”第二种波粒二象性（电子的波粒二象性）”,1927年戴维逊和小汤姆逊对此进行了验证,这也令他们分别在1929年、1937年摘得诺贝尔物理学奖。     

浅析爱因斯坦的科学方法

爱因斯坦探索科学的道路给我们留下了不仅仅是科学的知识,更是一套具有教育意义的科学方法,文章对爱因斯坦的科学方法进行总结、分析,以期对我们探索科学的道路有所启示。     

世界物理年挑战相对论有偿征答--关于如何证明相对性原理与光速不变原理在逻辑上相容的问题

1、《科学》杂志（上海）2002-2期刊发了题为“引力：1687—2001”的文章，两位作者在文中宣布：“狭义相对论是逻辑自治的理论，不存在任何矛盾”。又说：“为了导出狭义相对论，爱因斯坦作了两个基本假设：所有匀速运动彼此都是相对的：光的运动例外，它是绝对的。从表面上看，这两个假设相互矛盾。爱因斯坦的挚友、物理学家埃伦费斯特（P．Ehrenest）指出，还隐蔽着第三条假设．即这两个假设是不矛盾的。”     

科学美——科学中美的哲学和科学中的艺术

爱因斯坦曾说:“在那不再是个人企求和欲望主宰的地方.在那自由的人们惊奇的目光探索和注视的地方,人们进入了艺术和科学的王国。如果通过逻辑语言来描绘我们对事物的观察和体验,这就是科学:如果用有意识的思维难以理解而通过直觉感受来表达我们的观察和体验,这就是艺术。二者共同之处就是摒弃专断.超越自我的献身精神。”包括爱因斯坦在内的一些科学者都曾思考、探索科学与艺术的关系,从科学美中享受科研的乐趣。一、科学美的概念科学研究是探索自然、社会和人本身的奥秘,发现新现象揭露和认识新规律,积     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence