田径中长跑专项速度耐力训练方法

中长跑是最为常见的一种运动项目,对运动员在中长跑运动中的速度、耐力提出了更高的要求。在这一运动项目中,速度是基础、耐力则是保障,只有了解影响中长跑速度和耐力的因素,遵循一定的原则,采取科学的手段,加强田径中长跑运动员速度和耐力训练,才能促使其在运动中获得更为理想的成绩。基于此,本论文以田径中长跑训练作为研究切入点,针对影响中长跑速度和耐力的影响因素,提出了行之有效的训练方式。     

耐力素质的生理基础

人体在运动时肌肉活动所表现的力量、速度、耐力、灵敏和柔软等基本能力,统称身体素质。身体素质的发展是机体各器官系统功能提高的综合表现。在体育运动中,通常说的耐力,是指一般耐力素质而言,也就是人体能长时间进行肌肉活动的能力。(包括心血管的耐力) 耐力是各项运动竞技能力的基本因素,是竞赛中决定取得优秀运动成绩的关键素质。运动员的耐力素质不好,在训练或竞赛中就会很快出现疲劳,表现出肌肉活动不协调、反应慢,灵敏性降低,动作速度下降,判断能力差等现象,对运动成绩有很大的影响。一个赛跑     

浅谈运动员耐力发展的方法

耐力是指人体抗疲劳的能力,是一切运动的基础,对运动员的发展具有决定性的作用。大体分为力量耐力、速度耐力、一般耐力和综合耐力。一般耐力是指较长时间维持不需要较高速度和力量的运动能力：速度耐力是指较长时间快速运动的能力：力量耐力是指较长时间克服较大阻力的能力;综合耐力是以上几种耐力的结合。     

耐力性训练后肾上腺素感受性的变化

在影响耐力素质的循环系统因素中,心率、心收缩力、末梢血管舒张力等被认为是由肾上腺素调节的。作者进行了4个月耐力训练后(4次/周)进行了上述系统对肾上腺素感受性是否提高的研究,并对受试者进行了训练前后的测定。当进行自行车运动时,从静脉注入肾上腺素,观察循环系统的反应,评价指标为心率、动脉血压、心肌图(评价心脏收缩性的仪器)。结果表明:训练前后心率、心收缩性对肾上腺素的感受性无变化。但由于收缩期血压上升,舒张压血压下降     

谈体育考生的耐力训练

耐力素质指有机体在较长的时间内,保持特定强度负荷或动作质量的能力。耐力与力量和速度这两种素质的结合,在田径运动中分别表现为力量耐力和速度耐力。影响田径运动员耐力素质的因素有：运动员对长时间工作的心理耐受程度、运动器官持续工作的能力、能源物质的储存情况和长时间工作中氧代谢的能力,以及掌握运动技术的熟练程度和功能节省化的水平等。     

业余运动员耐力素质发展的方法

耐力素质是人体长时间进行运动的能力,也是人体抗疲劳的能力。耐力素质不仅是一切运动的基础,而且对青少年的健康成长有积极的作用,尤其是对业余运动员的发展具有决定性的作用。耐力素质可分为一般耐力、速度耐力、力量耐力和综合耐力。一般耐力是指较长时间维持不需要较高速度和力量的运动能力;速度耐力是指较长时间快速运动的能力;力量耐力是指较长时间克服较大阻力的能力;综合耐力是以上几种耐力的结合。     

最大力量训练与耐力的关系

绝大部分教练员和运动员认为耐力是影响运动水平的一个重要因素。运动专项不同,其耐力的含义也会不同。在这里,我们把耐力定义为:运动员以一定力量或功率重复某一运动的能力。虽然运动水平和力量的关系是多方位的,但研究证明,最大力量是影响耐力的一个重要因素。本文依据大量的研究文献综述,探讨最大力量训练与长期或短期耐力水平,以及其它与耐力有关的因素的关系。     

解析耐力训练

提高网球运动耐力的方法有许多,很难在一篇文章中明细地列出。网球教练员安排耐力训练时,一定要清楚需要练习哪种耐力。耐力练习通常可以分为一般耐力、专项耐力和比赛期间的耐力练习。     

耐力训练对脂代谢的影响

各 种类型运动训练的耐力训练对人体内脂肪代谢的影响最为明显 ,也最为肯定。耐力训练对人体脂肪代谢的影响可以有多种方面的表现 :可以直接影响脂肪组织中脂肪细胞的体积和代谢特点 ,也可以影响骨骼肌对脂肪酸的氧化利用 ,还可以降低血浆甘油三酯的浓度等。关于这一领域的认识对运动实践和康复医学都有很重要的促进作用。１耐力训练对脂肪细胞的形态和代谢的影响早在８０年代 ,科研人员就开始研究耐力训练对脂肪细胞的形态和代谢的影响。Ｂｕｋｏｗｉｅｃｋ等报导耐力训练后鼠的脂肪细胞对肾上腺素的促脂肪水解作用的反应能力显著增强 ,影…     

关于耐力运动补充运动营养的研究

本文通过深入剖析耐力运动过程中对营养成分的摄取要求,并总结归纳国内外已有的相关文献结论,针对耐力运动与运动营养补充之间的相互关系进行论述,主要涵盖了运动营养的代谢特征和补充运动营养的具体操作形式以及对运动的不同影响,并引出后续讨论的问题。     

Akute und chronische Effekte von Ausdauerbelastungen auf das Herz bei Sportlern, gesunden Normalpersonen und Patienten

Due to endurance exercise-induced increases of the cardiac biomarkers troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), which are usually elevated in patients with acute myocardial infarction and heart failure and used in clinical practice as diagnostic tools in these diseases, the clinical and sportsmedical relevance of these exercise-induced increases was unclear. Therefore, the aim was to examine this topic systematically by consecutive studies. Considering the acute effects of endurance exercise, an intensity- and duration-dependent short-term elevation could be demonstrated in the majority of healthy athletes without pathological relevance. Considering the chronic effects of endurance exercise it could be shown that regular and competitive endurance exercise training induces an athlete??s heart with harmonic eccentric hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle, which also is not of pathological relevance. In conclusion it can be assumed from the results of these studies that acute and chronic endurance exercise is not harmful for the healthy heart.     

运动对自由基代谢的影响

论述急性运动和耐力训练对自由基代谢的不同反应,分析急性运动后机体各部位自由基代谢的变化,阐明耐力训练对自由基代谢的良好影响.     

外源性蛋白质摄入作为组合训练营养干预策略的研究进展

组合训练的生理和急性分子反应与训练状态、组合训练方案的顺序、锻炼方式和持续时间高度相关。现有研究表明,在单纯的抗阻训练或耐力训练后增加外源性蛋白质摄入具有很多好处,但对于组合训练期间外源性蛋白质摄入对机体影响的研究相当有限。因此,探讨组合训练中蛋白质应用的可行性及营养策略制定,以期在组合训练中获得机体力量与耐力的最佳化发展。     

运动训练治疗高血压的机制

采用文献资料法从神经内分泌、糖代谢、钠代谢、血流动力学改变等方面论述了运动后即刻和长期运动训练后血压下降的机制,指出运动后血压下降是多种机制参与的结果。     

Effects of strength and endurance exercise order on endocrine responses to concurrent training

The present study examined the effect of strength and endurance training order on the endocrine milieu associated with strength development and performance during concurrent training. A randomised, between-groups design was employed with 30 recreationally resistance-trained males completing one of four acute experimental training protocols; strength training (ST), strength followed by endurance training (ST-END), endurance followed by strength training (END-ST) or no training (CON). Blood samples were taken before each respective exercise protocol, immediately upon cessation of exercise, and 1?h post cessation of exercise. Blood samples were subsequently analysed for total testosterone, cortisol and lactate concentrations. Ability to maintain 80% 1RM during strength training was better in ST and ST-END than END-ST (both p?<?.05). Immediately following the respective exercise protocols all training interventions elicited significant increases in testosterone (p?<?.05). ST and END-ST resulted in greater increases in cortisol than ST-END (both p?<?.05). The testosterone:cortisol ratio was similar following the respective exercise protocols. Blood lactate concentrations post-training were greater following END-ST and ST than ST-END (both p?<?.05). Conducting endurance exercise prior to strength training resulted in impaired strength training performance. Blood cortisol and lactate concentrations were greater when endurance training was conducted prior to strength training than vice versa. As such, it may be suggested that conducting endurance prior to strength training may result in acute unfavourable responses to strength training when strength training is conducted with high loads.     

Changes in leg strength 8 and 32 h after endurance exercise

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a single bout of endurance exercise on subsequent strength performance. Eight males with a long history of resistance training performed isokinetic, isometric and isotonic leg extension strength tests 8 and 32 h after 50 min of cycle ergometry at 70-110% of critical power. The participants also completed a control condition in which no cycling was performed. Plasma lactate and ammonia were measured before and immediately after each strength test. Isokinetic, isometric and isotonic leg extension torques were not significantly different 8 or 32 h after endurance exercise compared with the control condition (P > 0.05). A large (50.3%), but not statistically significant, increase in plasma ammonia was evident during the strength tests performed 8 h after endurance exercise, while a significant (P < 0.05) increase in ammonia was also seen 32 h after endurance exercise. No significant changes in plasma ammonia were evident in the control condition. Our results suggest that leg extension strength was not compromised by an earlier bout of endurance cycling. However, metabolic activity during the strength tests might have been altered by the preceding bout of endurance exercise.     

Changes in leg strength 8 and 32 h after endurance exercise

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a single bout of endurance exercise on subsequent strength performance. Eight males with a long history of resistance training performed isokinetic, isometric and isotonic leg extension strength tests 8 and 32 h after 50 min of cycle ergometry at 70-110% of critical power. The participants also completed a control condition in which no cycling was performed. Plasma lactate and ammonia were measured before and immediately after each strength test. Isokinetic, isometric and isotonic leg extension torques were not significantly different 8 or 32 h after endurance exercise compared with the control condition ( P > 0.05). A large (50.3%), but not statistically significant, increase in plasma ammonia was evident during the strength tests performed 8 h after endurance exercise, while a significant ( P ? 0.05) increase in ammonia was also seen 32 h after endurance exercise. No significant changes in plasma ammonia were evident in the control condition. Our results suggest that leg extension strength was not compromised by an earlier bout of endurance cycling. However, metabolic activity during the strength tests might have been altered by the preceding bout of endurance exercise.     

Nutritional strategies to support concurrent training

Abstract

Concurrent training (the combination of endurance exercise to resistance training) is a common practice for athletes looking to maximise strength and endurance. Over 20 years ago, it was first observed that performing endurance exercise after resistance exercise could have detrimental effects on strength gains. At the cellular level, specific protein candidates have been suggested to mediate this training interference; however, at present, the physiological reason(s) behind the concurrent training effect remain largely unknown. Even less is known regarding the optimal nutritional strategies to support concurrent training and whether unique nutritional approaches are needed to support endurance and resistance exercise during concurrent training approaches. In this review, we will discuss the importance of protein supplementation for both endurance and resistance training adaptation and highlight additional nutritional strategies that may support concurrent training. Finally, we will attempt to synergise current understanding of the interaction between physiological responses and nutritional approaches into practical recommendations for concurrent training.     

运动训练对热应激大鼠免疫机能的影响

为了探讨运动和热应激对大鼠白介素2（IL-2）等免疫指标的影响，对大鼠进行为期6周的中等强度负荷运动训练，并在运动末次施加热应激，测定大鼠外周血液白介素2（IL-2）含量、胸腺指数、脾脏指数。结果：（1）运动热应激组大鼠血清中IL-2含量、胸腺指数、脾脏指数显著低于对照组；（2）运动热应激组与热应激组相比，运动热应激组大鼠血清中IL-2含量、胸腺指数、脾脏指数则显著低于对照组；（3）运动热应激与常温急性运动组相比。运动热应激组的大鼠血清中IL-2含量、胸腺指数、脾脏指数显著低于对照组。结论：（1）长时间运动热应激时机体免疫机能受到损伤程度明显增加；（2）在常温下进行中等强度的运动训练，可以适当提高机体的耐热性，降低免疫抑制和损伤。     

发展有氧耐力的生理学分析

有氧耐力是指机体从事长时间运动的重要能力，有氧训练可以有效地改善机体的心肺功能，提高神经系统的协调性，发展有氧耐力。本主要阐明了发展有氧耐力的生理学依据以及发展有氧耐力的控制原则。