研究生学费定价与资助政策

研究生教育应当收取学费,学费定价与资助政策应建立在研究生教育是私人产品的基础上,学费是学校根据学生对研究生教育的需求以及劳动力市场需求所确定的市场化价格。研究生学费定价与资助政策应同时考虑以下因素:(1)基础研究是典型的纯公共产品,应用研究有更多的私人产品的属性。(2)研究生教育所颁授学位分为学术性与职业性学位两类。(3)不同的研究生教育方式具有不同的成本特点,教育过程可以明确划分为以课堂教学为主和以研究为主两个阶段。(4)国防研究生教育属于典型的纯公共产品,国防领域的研究与发展以及高级军事人才的培养属于纯公共产品范畴。(5)财政经费给予研究生资助的主要性质应当是研究生工作的工资。这一理论可称为多因素市场决定论。     

高校家庭经济困难学生的资助特征与资助悖论

本文利用2007年某高校的调查数据,从微观视角实证分析高校家庭经济困难学生的需求特征及其资助选择行为背后的决策特征。本文的研究特点在于调查问卷的设计通过题目设置的隐含信息去甄别受助者与本次研究可能存在的博弈,利用近3000个第一手大样本数据,运用多元离散选择模型对高校家庭经济困难学生的资助模式进行研究。研究取得了如下成果:(1)将众多资助模式分为三大类———无偿赠与型资助、即时付费型资助与延迟付费型资助。(2)高校家庭经济困难学生的资助供给与需求是不匹配的。(3)资助悖论反映了受助人的决策总是采取有悖于资助者的行动策略。     

独立学院中奖助学金政策对大学生的影响探究

在中国进入21世纪后,随着高校的扩招,国家对高等教育的投入也越来越大,资助政策也越来越完善,助学金的数额也随之增加,以独立学院为例,高额学费使得部分学生求学路途艰辛,但是国家政策的关怀,并没有引起广大学生的社会回报,反而表现出种种意料的变化,这些变化值得高校和政府部门的研究反思。     

The impact of aid on education policy in India

In the early 1990s, large numbers of children in India remained out of school. International commitments to achieve education for all (EFA) globally meant that India was an important case for donors. India was pressed to accept aid for primary education, and agreed with some reluctance. Although subsequent donor involvement was substantial and influenced aspects of both policy implementation and management, it is shown that Indian education policy priorities remained self-determined. The Government of India – though falling short of securing universal education for its children – succeeded in using external resources and expertise in ways which suited its own purposes, whilst minimising external impact on policy development. The politics and economics of this process are discussed.     

日本高等教育大众化的政策措施与思考

根据社会发展的需要，日本在20世纪60年代至70年代大力发展私立院校和非传统型大学，并采取扩招理工科学生等政策，不仅提高了大学的入学率，而且为社会培养了大量急需的人才，促进了社会发展，我国正处于高等教育精英阶段向大众化阶段的过渡期，因此日本所采取的政策和措施对我国高等教育的大众化能给予有益的启示。     

Increasing student financial aid programs: A misdirected means of expanding access?

Federal and state student financial aid programs have increased substantially in past years. Such programs have clearly provided greater access to postsecondary education for low income and minority students.However, data recently collected in Los Angeles indicate that additional financial aid may have a diminishing impact on increasing access. The Los Angeles study, commissioned by the California Legislature, revealed that low levels of academic achievement, inadequate information, and inflexible admission policies are greater barriers to college for the poor than financial need.Educational opportunity programs, which provide counseling, tutoring, and information services, should become increasingly important in addressing nonfinancial barriers. Yet such programs are often politically unattractive to legislators and administrators who view student grant programs as simpler and less costly.     

美国联邦大学生资助政策对高等教育的影响

美国联邦大学生资助政策伴随国家和社会的现实需要而产生和发展,并在政策环境的影响下经过逐步改革而日趋完善。本文分析了联邦学生资助政策在扩大弱势群体的高等教育机会,在促进教育平等和社会公平等方面产生了积极影响,但也指出在不同群体高等教育入学机会和未来发展方面仍旧存在很大差距,就联邦学生资助政策而言,主要是学生资助资金不足以及学生资助体系以贷款为主所致。     

Family background, financial constraints and higher education attendance in China

Using data from the 2004 China College Student Survey, conducted by the author, this paper finds that long-term factors such as scholastic ability and parental education are significantly correlated with higher education attendance. By contrast, short-term financial constraints are also significantly associated with higher education access, but to a lesser degree. Furthermore, in recent years China's higher education expansion has provided broader access to students from lower income families. However, the tuition fees and “net prices” of elite universities are lower than those of medium quality universities, while the tuition fees and “net prices” of medium quality universities are lower than those of relatively low quality universities and colleges. This has led to a reverse relationship between family income and attendance costs, such that lower income families now shoulder a much higher burden for their childrens’ university education than higher income families.     

留学生学费定价与资助政策研究

我国对留学生的高等教育服务具有较少的公共产品属性 ,可将其确定为私人产品。成本补偿政策不是留学生学费定价政策的理论基础。应允许高等学校根据市场需求状况、自身教育质量、教育理念、地区、专业等因素 ,自主确定留学生学费并允许赢利。对留学生的高等教育服务可能产生的外部收益具有可分割性 ,据此应取消公费与自费留学生的区别 ,并将目标外部收益分割操作 ,以确定留学生资助政策。据此思路 ,内地对港澳台学生的学费定价与资助政策也应调整     

The impact of financial aid on women's demand for higher education

The Educational Amendments of 1972 marked a new direction in public policy regarding the scope and purpose of financial aid to higher education. Aid became more student-oriented, and equality of opportunity for higher education became a goal. This empirical study with national longitudinal data has made a start in policy evaluation of the effect of the 1972 Educational Amendments on the higher education acquired by young women. The most important result of financial aid receipt for young women is that those who received aid averaged 0.64 more years completed of higher education and averaged .145 greater graduation probability than similar women who did not receive aid. These results were obtained in multiple regression models in which the effects of marital status, parental background, geographic locations and economic characteristics, and tuition level were controlled for. These results suggest that policy attempts to stimulate the higher education acquired by enrolled young women by increasing the availability of financial aid are well founded.     

中国高等教育财政政策的公平取向

促进教育公平是中国制定教育政策的基本价值导向。中国高等教育财政政策的基点是增加教育投入,保证机会公平,并已经关注资源利用情况及对过程公平的促进,今后的方向是如何提高产出效率,促进结果公平。对高等教育财政政策的公平取向进行分析,提出构建以公平为取向的高等教育财政政策体系,通过财政政策促进高等教育公平,具有现实性意义。     

An investigation of sex discrimination in the awarding of financial aid to college students

This study investigated whether or not sex discrimination existed in awarding financial aid to college students in 40 midwestern colleges and universities. It examined whether there were significant differences in financial aid awards to incoming freshmen when financial aid directors reviewed simulated aid profiles, which were identical except for the sex and a picture of the applicant. It also examined whether awards varied by type of educational institution. The results yielded no significant differences for either sex or type of institution comparisons, although there was extensive variability in the amounts awarded. If the directors react to real-life profiles as they did to the simulated ones, the federal guidelines would appear sufficient in this instance to prevent sex discrimination.     

韩国、马来西亚、菲律宾三国私立高等教育经费政策研究

韩国、马来西亚和菲律宾等国的私立高等院校所占比例均在85%以上,在校生数占一半以上,高者达74%。这与所在国的高等教育发展政策、经费政策和管理政策是分不开的,其政府实施的经费资助政策更是私立高等教育发展、稳定与否的"晴雨表"。三国私立高等教育发展变化显示,私立高等教育发展与政府的经费政策,尤其是多元化教育投入有着很强的联系。     

美国州立助学政策的目标取向

美国州立助学政策有三个目标取向：基于需要的助学计划的目标取向是确保低收入家庭学生的入学机会;基于选择的助学计划的目标取向是保证自由选择入读院校的类型;基于成绩的助学计划的目标取向是奖励和激励卓越.三种模式各有其优点和缺点.     

Estimating the relationship between calculated financial need and actual aid received using quarter of birth instruments

When calculating financial need, the FAFSA does not consider the parental income of students who turn 24 years old. This paper uses the student's quarter of birth interacted with the treated cohort to instrument for financial need. Using the interaction mitigates many of the concerns regarding quarter of birth instruments. A dollar increase in financial need is associated with 15 cents in federal grants and 47 cents in loans. However, the relationship between financial need and institutional aid is, on average, small and statistically insignificant. The exception is that institutions with large endowments do allocate more aid to more-needy students.     

Effects of key state policies on private colleges and universities: sustaining private-sector capacity in the face of the higher education access challenge

The relationship between key state policy variables — (1) relative (private–public) tuition prices, (2) state student-aid funding, and (3) public institution density — and the competitive position of private colleges and universities is examined. Elite private schools are found to be nearly impervious to state policy. Large and moderately selective private institutions are adversely affected by public institution density and low public prices. Such prices divert students who would otherwise prefer these private institutions to similar public schools. State student aid funding most affects the enrollment market shares of the small, low-selectivity private colleges enrolling the greatest proportions of minority and modest-income students. The findings suggest state policies in this era of strong demand for higher education and constrained public sector capacity should use price signals (student aid and public institution pricing) to encourage students to consider seriously whether private higher education might serve their needs as well as or better than public institutions.     

我国高等教育财政改革的基本思路

我国高等教育财政的改革,虽已取得相当的成效,但仍存在不容忽视的问题,因此进一步加快我国高等教育财政体制改革,建立在公共财政框架下高等教育财政的多样化职能作用的协同性,是我们面临的一项非常重要而紧迫的任务。     

中国大学生资助政策:对H大学的个案研究

The research findings have made it clear that Chinese college student aid policy has several characteristics. Generally speaking, student financial aid is increasing up to some extent. The government financial aids focus mostly on improving equality of educational opportunity in higher education. However, aids from the government are inadequate, especially national student loans. Besides, all kinds of aids were decreasing from 2004 to 2006 and the aid programs were short of stability between various years. In order to improve equal access to higher education through student aid policy, it is necessary to enlarge the government aids and reform the aid system. __________ Translated from Jiaoshi Jiaoyu Yanjiu 教师教育研究 (Teacher Education Research), 2008, (2), 59–63     

民族高校贫困生资助体系及激励机制探究

民族高校贫困生资助体系和激励机制的建设是我国一项重要工程。这些学生经济上贫困,生活上需要支持,思想上需要鼓励,心理上需要扶持。完善高校的资助体系不仅仅用经济形式给予帮助,而应该有所创新。从思想上给予他们以支持和帮助。从心态上使他们能够充实平衡,缓解心理压力。同时通过多元化的激励使他们提高组织、沟通、协调等多方面的综合能力。通过对高校贫困生资助体系的进一步完善,不只是从经济上给予贫困生于支持鼓励,更重要的是能在心态和精神层面给他们以引导,激发他们的信心和潜能。