功能高分子材料课程的教学实践与探索

功能高分子材料是高分子专业主要的专业课程,它建立在高分子物理、高分子化学等相关学科的基础上,与化工、环境、信息、物理、医学、生物等学科存在广泛的交叉融合,是当前高分子学科中发展最为迅速的领域之一。功能高分子材料具有种类繁多、知识体系复杂、知识更新快等特点,对课堂教学提出了较高的要求。笔者根据自身的教学经验探讨如何较好地开展教学实践并采取相应的教学改革措施。     

《物理化学》课程教学的探讨与实践

本文结合本校材料科学与工程及高分子材料专业《物理化学》课程的基本特点,以提高该课程教学质量,培育适应科技发展需要的高素质综合性人才为目标,探讨了《物理化学》课程教学方法和手段.     

材料成型及控制工程专业本科人才培养方案问卷调查与分析

人才培养方案是高等学校实现人才培养目标和实施人才培养的总体方案,本文面向材料学院材料成型及控制工程专业本科生,设计相应调查问卷针对学科定位、就业走向、学科基础课、专业核心课、专业选修课和实践教学课程设置等方面的问题进行调查,通过调查结果表明人才培养方案修订的正确和必须性。     

高力学性能高分子材料在竞技体育中的应用

竞技体育是一种追求更高、更快、更强、更准运动目标的运动,是一种挑战运动员个人乃至人类运动极限的运动。高力学性能高分子材料具有较高的强度、弹性、韧性等性能的高分子材料。本文对高力学性能高分子材料在竞技体育中的应用进行了分析研究。     

学科门类视域下我国高校体育专业的困境与出路

从学科门类的视角,对我国高校体育专业的发展进行了审视,认为我国高校对体育学科的定位和管理过于模糊和笼统;专业地位的提升受高层次人才匮乏的制约;专业设置针对性不强,学生社会适应性差;体育专业人文环境差,教风和学风不佳等,这些问题反映出体育学科升格为独立的学科门类时机尚未成熟,在体育专业建设等方面还有许多工作要做。     

学科规训制度与我国近代体育专业教育

近代学科规训制度化后,各种规训形式对我国近代体育专业教育的形成、发展以及范式的普及都起到了引导作用,代表了一种知识/权力的有机结合,推动了我国近代体育专业教育的发展.我国近代体育专业教育的学科规训制度包含课程设置体系和课程资源系统等,其中课程设置体系是我国近代体育专业教育学科规训的制度谱系,课程资源系统是我国近代体育专业教育学科规训的制度保障.学科规训制度下的我国近代体育专业教育实现了课程谱系的现代化和近代学术的转型.     

关于体育人文社会科学若干问题的探讨

一、前言由于认识到专业口径狭窄、专业性太强而引发的人才质量和就业出路的危机,从而满足日益凸显的综合性、适应性、宽口径人才的培养要求,1997年,教育部大刀阔斧的进行了学科和专业目录调整,将原来的400多个专业压缩合并为200多个专业。形成了现在的包括哲学、经济学、法学、医学、教育学在内的12个学科门类,200多个专业的新的学科和专业门类体系。体育学科也由此改变了“项目即专业”的格局,整合成为“体育学”这个体育学科领域的一级学科(原来是教育学下面的二级学科),四个二级学科即体育教育训练学、运动人体科学、体育人文社会科学、…     

体育学科研究生专业承诺、学习倦怠的现状

专业承诺与学习倦怠是反映当前体育学科研究生积极和消极学习心理的两个重要综合指标。探讨了体育学科研究生的专业承诺和学习倦怠的现状,初步揭示了它们之间的关系及影响因素,对于促进体育学科研究生专业学习和心理指导具有实践意义。     

湖南省普通高校体育教育专业“学科”课程建设研究

通过对湖南省19所具有体育教育本科专业招生资质的体育院系进行问卷调查,了解高校体教专业"学科"课程建设现状,研究显示:湖南省体育教育专业设置全,但运动训练专业和民族传统体育专业发展滞后;体育教育专业高精尖人才缺乏;专业主要培养目标为"应用型专业人才"和"复合型专业人才";部分院校存在设置总学时偏低,专业必修和选修课程门类设置少、精品课程建设理论学科发展滞后于技术学科建设以及学生教学实践时间短等问题。提出在学科建设上应夯实学科基础,在坚持建设区域特色专业的基础上,向着学科综合全面方向发展。     

我国体育管理学科与专业建设的反思

随着我国社会主义市场经济的高速发展,当前我国不同类型大专院校设置的体育管理专业已突破单一的公共事业(体育)管理专业的建设模式,但体育管理专业设置的学科理论基础仍存在着诸多问题。通过思辨体育是什么、体育教育与体育总概念之间以及学科与专业之间的辩证关系,指出将体育管理专业设置为体育教育学或公共事业管理学学科下的一个专业方向,存在着理论与实践的误区,提出体育管理学的学科建设应该立足于在体育学一级学科下建立二级学科,而公共事业(体育)管理专业只是体育管理学二级学科下的一个专业建设方向。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

青少年业余足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型初探

根据Scanlan等人最新提出的运动倾向性理论模型,结合我国实际情况建立了青少年足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型。运动倾向性被定义为:渴望和决心继续参加足球运动的心理状态。所建立的5因素结构模型认为,运动倾向性是由运动乐趣、参与选择、个人投入、社会约束及参与机会5个因素决定。经确定5个决定因素和运动倾向性的操作定义,编制了相应调查问卷,通过对北京市252名青少年足球运动员实测结果,建立运动倾向性及其影响因素的协方差结构模型,用Lisre 18分析的结果表明:该运动倾向性模型比较符合北京青少年足球运动员。其中运动乐趣、个人投入、参与机会和参与选择4因素对运动倾向性有影响;社会约束对运动倾向性影响不大。     

Effect of 6 weeks of endurance training on the lactate minimum speed

The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the lactate minimum speed test to changes in endurance fitness resulting from a 6 week training intervention. Sixteen participants (mean +/- s :age 23 +/- 4 years;body mass 69.7 +/- 9.1 kg) completed 6 weeks of endurance training. Another eight participants (age 23 +/- 4 years; body mass 72.7 +/-12.5 kg) acted as non-training controls. Before and after the training intervention, all participants completed: (1) a standard multi-stage treadmill test for the assessment of VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold and running speed at a reference blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 ; and (2) the lactate minimum speed test, which involved two supramaximal exercise bouts and an 8 min walking recovery period to increase blood lactate concentration before the completion of an incremental treadmill test. Additionally, a subgroup of eight participants from the training intervention completed a series of constant-speed runs for determination of running speed at the maximal lactate steady state. The test protocols were identical before and after the 6 week intervention. The control group showed no significant changes in VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold, running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 or the lactate minimum speed.In the training group, there was a significant increase in VO 2max (from 47.9 +/- 8.4 to 52.2 +/- 2.7 ml.kg -1 .min -1 ), running speed at the maximal lactate steady state (from 13.3 +/- 1.7 to 13.9 +/- 1.6 km.h -1 ), running speed at the lactate threshold (from 11.2 +/- 1.8 to 11.9 +/- 1.8 km.h -1 ) and running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 (from 12.5 +/- 2.2 to 13.2 +/- 2.1 km.h -1 ) (all P ? 0.05). Despite these clear improvements in aerobic fitness, there was no significant difference in lactate minimum speed after the training intervention (from 11.0 +/- 0.7 to 10.9 +/- 1.7 km.h -1 ). The results demonstrate that the lactate minimum speed,when assessed using the same exercise protocol before and after 6 weeks of aerobic exercise training, is not sensitive to changes in endurance capacity.