货币薪酬结构对经理管理防御行为影响的实验研究

管理防御理论表明,企业经理有动机追求职位稳固和高额薪酬来满足自身效用最大化.本文通过实验研究方法探寻经理货币薪酬结构对经理管理防御行为的影响机理,以期为如何通过设计有效的薪酬契约,降低经理管理防御行为所引发的代理成本,提供必要的理论支持.研究结果表明,货币薪酬结构与经理管理防御存在较强的关联性.事先给定的固定薪酬与经理管理防御水平正相关,而与业绩挂钩的浮动薪酬则与经理管理防御水平负相关.固定薪酬比重越高,经理管理防御程度就越高.在一定范围内,浮动薪酬比重越高,经理管理防御程度就越低:但超过一定范围之后,浮动薪酬比重越高,经理管理防御程度却随之增高.即浮动薪酬比重与经理管理防御水平之间呈“U”型关系.     

经理管理防御对企业社会责任影响的实证研究

从理论上系统阐述了经理管理防御对企业社会责任的影响因素。在利益相关者理论的基础上,对经理管理防御与企业各利益相关者责任进行了实证研究。结果表明:经理管理防御是一把"双刃剑",在企业社会责任方面会有积极的效应;股东、员工、客户是具有防御动机的经理人最为顾忌的利益相关者,防御经理人将履行对这些利益相关者的责任作为一种防御行为,而这种防御行为又会损害股东长期的利益。     

对防范管理防御的职业生涯管理对策的思考

针对经理管理防御动机和行为设计的职业生涯管理对策,通过积极的薪酬计划实现对经理人员的内在和长期激励;通过建立针对性强的职业生涯计划、离职时的个人培训计划、离职金计划、退休金计划,关注经理人员的心理危机、职业危机和挫折管理,企业文化的同化、激发潜能等措施消除经理人员对未来预期的不确定性;通过建立配套的绩效考核约束制度、继任经理人职业道德培训计划等措施可以降低经理人员的管理防御心理,预防和减少管理防御行为的发生。     

经理管理防御假设下的企业融资决策研究

通过将经理管理防御假设引入企业融资决策模型,建立了一个融资方式选择模型,模型分析得出企业股权融资偏好产生的又一基本原因是经理管理防御行为下的内生偏好。在经理和股东目标一致的情况下,经理会优先考虑利用股权融资来满足项目资金,除非经理有足够的理由相信项目的投资收益率足够大,才会选择债务融资;在经理管理防御的假设下,经理将最大限度地使用股权进行融资,直至在最大限度使用股权的状态下达到均衡。     

经理管理防御对研发投入的影响因素研究——基于创业板上市公司的实证检验

以中国创业板上市公司2011—2016年相关数据为研究样本,采用多元线性回归分析方法探究经理管理防御动机对研发投入活动的影响,为抑制经理管理防御动机与行为,提高研发投入绩效提供经验数据。实证研究结果表明:经理人年龄、学历、任期、股权集中度对研发投入有显著影响;经理人薪酬和持股比例并不能对经理人研发投入决策行为起到明显的激励作用;经理人性别与研发投入无相关关系。     

经理管理防御测度及其影响因素:研究综述与展望

在传统代理理论基础上发展起来的经理管理防御假说对解释企业经理人的现实财务行为提供了一个新视角。以经理管理防御水平的测度为切入点,从经理持股比例、人力资本特征和公司治理层面等三个方面有机梳理了现有研究关于经理管理防御水平的测度方法,讨论了经理管理防御的相关影响因素,分析了已有研究成果存在的不足并提出未来我国企业经理管理防御的研究方向。     

管理防御视角下的国企创新——基于国企高管“作为”“不作为”的探讨

政府官员包括准官员(国企高管)的不作为问题是监管部门和学术界关注的重点。本文从行为动机入手,基于管理防御动机考察了国企高管在企业自主创新活动中是否"作为"。结果表明,在现行国企高管考核制度下,管理防御指数越高,创新投资越多,创新产出反而越低,即国企高管在创新投资行为上表现为"作为",在创新产出上"不作为"。而政治晋升一定程度上缓解了管理防御对创新产出的负面影响,遏制了产出层面的"不作为",改善了国企高管唯指标服务的行为模式。     

企业金融化、盈余管理动机与异质性研发投资

基于实体产业低回报率导致实体经济虚拟化,研究企业金融化对研发投资的作用机理。研究发现:企业金融化对研发投资具有挤出效应;金融化对应用研究和试验发展的挤出效应显著,而对基础研究的影响并不显著。通过引入机制效应模型,发现盈余管理动机存在时,企业存在显著的减少应用研究和试验发展投资提高企业营收的动机,高盈余管理动机的企业进一步通过提高金融投资配置比例来挤出应用研究和试验发展投资资金。     

公司价值、资本结构与经理管理防御

通过引入经理管理防御影响因子,以Black和Scholes资产定价模型为基础,构建了公司价值及相关利益者价值动态决定模型,对经理管理防御与公司价值及资本结构关系进行了研究。算例分析的结果表明:首先,经理管理防御不仅会对公司价值和股东价值造成减损,而且对公司经济效率也造成减损,并对减损程度具有放大效应;其次,经理管理防御增大了公司违约风险,而且对公司原有违约风险也具有放大效应;最后,公司资本结构变动时,经理管理防御对公司违约风险更为敏感,而对公司价值相对不敏感;相对于短期负债,经理人更偏好长期负债,负债对于经理人的管理防御行为的抑制作用会因经理人选择长期负债而产生一定的削弱。     

基于互惠偏好理论的股东监督与经理管理防御的博弈分析

在高能力经理的假定条件下,通过博弈方法将互惠偏好引入股东监督与经理管理防御的非完全信息博弈赛局中,研究经理互惠偏好对其管理防御水平的影响作用。研究结果表明:当股东对经理采取弱监督策略时,互惠型经理因互惠公平效用的增加而选择较低的管理防御水平;相反,当股东对经理采取强监督策略时,互惠型经理因较小的互惠公平效用而选择相对较高的管理防御水平。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Our Own Devices: Heterotopic Communication, Discourse, and Culture in the Information Society 1

The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests.