卡塔尔足球“归化+青训”模式的发展历程及启示

基于国际足联颁布"艾尔顿法则"的基础上,对卡塔尔足球"归化+青训"模式的发展历程进行研究,探讨出一条适合于中国足球现状的"中国足球特色归化之路",旨在为我国归化外籍球员及青训的道路提供启示,也为我国足球事业发展提供参考。结果显示:直接归化国外实力强劲球员为本国出战,在短时间内可能会提高成绩,但由于缺少了本国民族认同感,对我国足球的长远发展并无明显促进作用;而归化阿拉伯地区的精英小球员,经本国青训培养,可增加球员的归属感以及文化认同感,在球队实力提升的基础上,还会使归化球员与本土球员之间的关系变得紧密不可分。     

Energy expenditure and dietary intake in professional football players in the Dutch Premier League: Implications for nutritional counselling

ABSTRACT

Selecting effective dietary strategies for professional football players requires comprehensive information on their energy expenditure (EE) and dietary intake. This observational study aimed to assess EE and dietary intake over a 14-day period in a representative group (n = 41) of professional football players playing in the Dutch Premier League (Eredivisie). Daily EE, as assessed by doubly labelled water, was 13.8 ± 1.5 MJ/day, representing a physical activity level (PAL) of 1.75 ± 0.13. Weighted mean energy intake (EI), as assessed by three face-to-face 24-h recalls, was 11.1 ± 2.9 MJ/day, indicating 18 ± 15% underreporting of EI. Daily EI was higher on match days (13.1 ± 4.1 MJ) compared with training (11.1 ± 3.4 MJ; P < 0.01) and rest days (10.5 ± 3.1 MJ; P < 0.001). Daily carbohydrate intake was significantly higher during match days (5.1 ± 1.7 g/kg body mass (BM)) compared with training (3.9 ± 1.5 g/kg BM; P < 0.001) and rest days (3.7 ± 1.4 g/kg BM; P < 0.001). Weighted mean protein intake was 1.7 ± 0.5 g/kg BM. Daytime distribution of protein intake was skewed, with lowest intakes at breakfast and highest at dinner. In conclusion, daily EE and PAL of professional football players are modest. Daily carbohydrate intake should be increased to maximize performance and recovery. Daily protein intake seems more than adequate, but could be distributed more evenly throughout the day.     

Energy and carbohydrate for training and recovery

Soccer players should achieve an energy intake that provides sufficient carbohydrate to fuel the training and competition programme, supplies all nutrient requirements, and allows manipulation of energy or nutrient balance to achieve changes in lean body mass, body fat or growth. Although the traditional culture of soccer has focused on carbohydrate intake for immediate match preparation, top players should adapt their carbohydrate intake on a daily basis to ensure adequate fuel for training and recovery between matches. For players with a mobile playing style, there is sound evidence that dietary programmes that restore and even super-compensate muscle glycogen levels can enhance activity patterns during matches. This will presumably also benefit intensive training, such as twice daily practices. As well as achieving a total intake of carbohydrate commensurate with fuel needs, the everyday diet should promote strategic intake of carbohydrate and protein before and after key training sessions to optimize the adaptations and enhance recovery. The achievement of the ideal physique for soccer is a long-term goal that should be undertaken over successive years, and particularly during the off-season and pre-season. An increase in lean body mass or a decrease in body fat is the product of a targeted training and eating programme. Consultation with a sports nutrition expert can assist soccer players to manipulate energy and nutrient intake to meet such goals. Players should be warned against the accidental or deliberate mismatch of energy intake and energy expenditure, such that energy availability (intake minus the cost of exercise) falls below 125 kJ (30 kcal) per kilogram of fat-free mass per day. Such low energy availability causes disturbances to hormonal, metabolic, and immune function.     

“自我效能理论”在青少年足球训练中的运用

随着青少年足球训练纲要的实施,培育和训练青少年足球运动员是体育工作者的迫切要求。在青少年培养阶段,足球体育工作者应该转变足球训练理念,将"自我效能理论"应用于足球训练中。本文根据当前青少年足球运动开展的现状和实际情况,分析青少年足球训练的亟待解决的问题,进而提出"自我效能理论"的应用措施。     

青少年足球后备队员良性发展机制探究

采用问卷调查、数理统计与文献资料等研究方法,对河南建业足球俱乐部二、三线预备队队员的基础文化教育状况进行研究与分析。认为：中国青少年足球后备人才培养过程中最主要的问题是基础文化教育的缺失,导致青少年足球后备队员综合文化素质不高;把教育与训练有效结合起来,把青少年足球后备队员的基础文化教育放到首要位置,克服片面发展,急功近利的思想,提高他们以智力为核心的综合素质才是改变我国足球后备人才匮乏,提升国家整体足球水平的有效途径。     

社会足球青训机构教练员能力因素的研究

该文采用逻辑分析法和文献资料法来进行社会足球青训机构教练员能力因素的研究。社会足球青训机构教练员是足球教练员这个群体中的一个分类,随着草根足球和校园足球在中国的不断发展,社会足球青训机构教练员的数量正在不断增加。现阶段,社会足球青训机构教练员是绝大部分青少年的“足球启蒙教练”,因此对其能力因素的研究十分重要。该文以社会足球青训机构教练员为研究对象,研究了其指导运动训练能力、临场指挥比赛能力、团队管理能力和影响能力的综合因素。通过研究发现社会足球青训机构教练员需要各种能力,但最为重要的是指导运动训练的能力。     

Science and football: a review of applied research in the football codes

Over the last two decades there has been a growth in research directly related to football. Although most of this research is focused on soccer (association football), there has been a steady increase in publications related to the other football codes. There is evidence of more systematic training and selection influencing the anthropometric profiles of players who compete at the highest level. Fitness is being optimized to cope with match demands while accommodating the need for specific requirements of positional roles. There is evidence of work rate being higher in contemporary football games than in previous decades, with consequences for training and dietary practices. Notation analysis of actions during matches is now used regularly to provide detailed objective feedback on performance to players and coaches. Training regimens are designed for game-specific purposes where possible. Sports psychologists working in a football context have a more eclectic body of knowledge to draw from. In the professional soccer clubs, the rewards associated with a successful investment in youth academies have helped to focus attention on talent identification and development models. It is a challenge to those specializing in science and football to contribute to the success of such schemes.     

青少年足球训练理念管理及其执教法

青少年球员的训练效果决定着其成年后的竞技能力,要提高青少年球员的训练水平,首先要完善青少年足球训练理念及其球员的管理理念。文章综述了青少年足球训练理念的核心内涵,对青少年的训练管理进行了评价,对青少年教练员的执教提出了相应建议。     

从国青队和国少队的失利看中国足球的现状

在国青队、固少队分别无缘世青赛和世少赛后,从青少午足球人数、青少年队伍得到的资金投入、年轻队员缺乏比赛场次、年轻球员转会难等六个方面,分析了当前中国足球的现状。得出要提高水平必须重视青少年足球的结论,并提出发展青少年足球应具有持续性和针对性,让青训体系扎根学校等建议。     

英格兰DNA计划的解读及对中国的启示

2014年,英足总在全国贯彻实施了“英格兰DNA计划”,统一高层足球和基层足球的发展步调,全国青训系统的人才培养效率和培养质量得到提高,优秀年轻球员大量涌现,提升了各级别国家队的竞赛实力,在世界大赛中获得佳绩,对中国具有较好的启发意义。运用文献资料法和逻辑分析法对“英格兰DNA计划”进行了详细解读,并在此基础上对中国足球发展提出以下建议:1)明确和统一各级别国家队的比赛理念,引导全国足球发展方向;2)制定高质量全国青训大纲,向基层拓展延伸足球哲学;3)保障球员全面发展,适应现代足球高水平比赛竞争;4)提升基层青训教练量和质,有效践行统一足球哲学实践。     

青少年足球运动员地域流动性的调查与分析

运用问卷调查法、文献资料法对参加中国足协组织的青少年足球冬训营球员的地域流动性进行了调研。结果表明：现阶段球队招募球员受地理因素的限制越来越小；辽宁省的球员向外流动较多；不同的球员交流目的对本土球员培养的影响作用是不同的；大多数球队都很重视外籍球员在球队中的比例，过低或者过高的比例都不利于球队的发展。旨在为青少年足球人才交流的合理进行、青少年足球运动的可持续发展提供参考。     

中国足球竞赛体系和训练体系的研究

随着＂全民健身＂口号的提出,足球运动及相关竞赛、训练体系越来越受到人们关注,并融入大众的日常生活。虽然我国的足球运动已发展多年,但问题依旧突出（包括竞赛体系、训练体系两方面的问题）。建立完整且相对稳定的竞赛和训练体系,是我国足球发展现阶段亟待解决的问题。根据世界优秀足球运动员的成长规律和足球训练规律,结合我国国情和足球运动发展现状,提出了中国足球竞赛和训练体系方案以及职业队的训练过程结构和青少年足球训练大纲。本文旨在通过相关调查找出日前我国足球竞赛体系和训练体系中存在的问题,并针对这些问题给出相应的解决对策。     

中国足球归化外籍球员的动因、效应与实践路向

归化外籍球员是诸多国家发展本国足球的重要手段。中国足球归化外籍球员既是建设体育强国、发展体育产业、构建中国特色足球文化的需要,也是适应国际足坛发展趋势、借鉴亚洲足球强国成功经验“冲出亚洲”的需要。归化球员可在短期内提升中国足球的国际竞争力,逐步补齐体育强国建设中竞技体育项目的结构性短板,推动中国联赛走向繁荣,促进体育产业发展,同时,产生一定的“鲇鱼效应”,刺激本土老球员的“求生”本能,带动本土年轻球员成长,吸引更多青少年投身足球运动,夯实中国青训体系。在归化外籍球员过程中,应维护《国籍法》的安定性,坚持“一人一籍”的基本原则不动摇,同时推动3种归化模式协同并进,注重培养归化球员的文化认同,加强顶层设计,谨慎选择归化对象。     

Dietary supplements for football

Physical training and competition in football markedly increase the need for macro- and micronutrient intake. This requirement can generally be met by dietary management without the need for dietary supplements. In fact, the efficacy of most supplements available on the market is unproven. In addition, players must be cautious of inadequate product labelling and supplement impurities that may cause a positive drug test. Nonetheless, a number of dietary supplements may beneficially affect football performance. A high endurance capacity is a prerequisite for optimal match performance, particularly if extra time is played. In this context, the potential of low-dose caffeine ingestion (2 - 5 mg . kg body mass(-1)) to enhance endurance performance is well established. However, in the case of football, care must be taken not to overdose because visual information processing might be impaired. Scoring and preventing goals as a rule requires production of high power output. Dietary creatine supplementation (loading dose: 15 - 20 g . day(-1), 4 - 5 days; maintenance dose: 2 - 5 g g . day(-1)) has been found to increase muscle power output, especially during intermittent sprint exercises. Furthermore, creatine intake can augment muscle adaptations to resistance training. Team success and performance also depend on player availability, and thus injury prevention and health maintenance. Glucosamine or chondroitin may be useful in the treatment of joint pain and osteoarthritis, but there is no evidence to support the view that the administration of these supplements will be preventative. Ephedra-containing weight-loss cocktails should certainly be avoided due to reported adverse health effects and positive doping outcomes. Finally, the efficacy of antioxidant or vitamin C intake in excess of the normal recommended dietary dose is equivocal. Responses to dietary supplements can vary substantially between individuals, and therefore the ingestion of any supplement must be assessed in training before being used in competition. It is recommended that dietary supplements are only used based on the advice of a qualified sports nutrition professional.     

青少年足球运动员自我监控量表的修订与检验

自我监控是影响青少年足球运动员训练水平和比赛水平的重要因素。以440名青少年足球运动员作为研究对象，运用文献资料法、访问调查法、问卷调查法和数理统计法，在董奇的“学生学习自我监控量表”基础上。建构了“青少年足球运动员自我监控量表”。心理测量学的分析表明，这套量表具有较好的内部一致性信度、重测信度、内容效度和结构效度，为评定青少年足球运动员的自我监控提供了一种新的较为可靠和有效的方法。     

Comparison of 10 vs. 20 min neuromuscular training for the prevention of lower extremity injuries in male youth football: A cluster randomised controlled trial

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 20 min neuromuscular training with a programme of 10 min in youth football players. 342 (15.4 ± 1.7 years) male football players from 18 teams were included, and cluster-randomized by team into two intervention groups. Both groups performed an injury prevention programme twice a week over five months using the same exercises but a different duration. The first intervention group (INT10, n = 175) performed the programme for 10 min, the second intervention group (INT20, n = 167) for 20 min. Primary outcomes were lower extremity (LE) injuries. Secondary outcomes were injury type, severity, mechanism and compliance to the intervention. 13 teams with 185 players were included for final analysis. No significant group difference was found between INT10 (6.37 per 1000 h) and INT20 (7.20 per 1000 h) for the incidence rate ratio of the lower extremities (IRR = 1.03, 95% confidence interval 0.59, 1.79), nor for the distribution of injury location, type, severity or mechanism. The results show that performing preventive exercises for 10 min is no less effective than 20 min in youth football players. Shorter training sessions can, therefore, be effectively used for injury prevention.     

Energy balance and dietary habits of America's Cup sailors

This research, which was conducted with crew members of an America's Cup team, had the following objectives: (a) to assess energy expenditure and intake during training; (b) to evaluate the sailors' diet, and (c) to identify any dietary flaws to determine the appropriate intake of nutrients, correct possible dietary mistakes, and improve their food habits. Energy expenditure was estimated on 15 sailors using direct measurements (oxygen consumption) and a 3-day activity questionnaire. Oxygen consumption was measured on sailors during both on-water America's Cup sailing training and dry-land fitness training. Composition of the diet was estimated using a 3-day food record. Average daily energy expenditure of the sailors ranged from 14.95 to 24.4 MJ, depending on body mass and boat role, with the highest values found in grinders and mastmen. Daily energy intake ranged from 15.7 to 23.3 MJ (from +6% to -18% of energy expenditure). The contributions of carbohydrate, protein, and fat to total energy intake were 43%, 18%, and 39% respectively, values that are not in accord with the recommended guidelines for athletes. Our results show the importance of assessing energy balance and food habits for America's Cup sailors performing different roles. The practical outcome of this study was that the sailors were given dietary advice and prescribed a Mediterranean diet, explained in specific nutrition lectures.     

The role of community in the development of elite handball and football players in Denmark

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the place of early development in a sample of Danish male elite and youth handball and football players. The sample included 366 handball and football players from the elite Danish league in the season 2011–2012 and a comparison sample of youth players under the age of 12 from 2003, including 147,221 football and 26,290 handball players. Odds ratio analysis showed that both population size and density significantly affected the proportional number of youth players per community and the odds of athletes reaching an elite level in football and handball. The odds for youth player registrations in both handball and football increased in rural in contrast to urban communities. However, elite football players primarily came from communities of high density (>1000 pop./km²), whereas elite handball players primarily came from less densely populated communities (100 to <250 pop./km²). Furthermore, there seems to be a relation between representation of elite and talent clubs in different communities and the probability of becoming an elite player in both sports. The limited number of elite players in both sports from rural communities may be due to national talent development strategies that do not incorporate development support for clubs in rural areas. Additionally, the results of the study clearly suggest the need to include the youth player population to advance research findings in birthplace effect studies.     

我国U13~U18岁男子足球运动员跑动速度区间的研制

目的:为提高训练和比赛中外部负荷监控的准确性,采用场地测试的方法,研制出适合我国U13~U18岁男子足球运动员体能特征的跑动速度区间。方法:在文献分析的基础上,选取最大冲刺速度(maximal sprint speed,MSS)、最大有氧速度(maximal aerobicpeed,MAS)、无氧速度储备(anaerobic speed reserve,ASR)作为构建跑速区间的体能指标参数,并对218名U13~U18岁男子足球运动员进行40 m冲刺跑和Yo-Yo IR1测试。结果:不同年龄段球员的MSS和MAS均呈现出显著性差异(F=65.28,P<0.01;F=39.95,P<0.01)。不同年龄段球员被聚类为2个年龄组(Silhouette Coefficient=0.6>0.5),其中,U13~U14年龄组走慢跑为0~8.3 km/h,低速跑为8.3~10.7 km/h,中速跑为10.7~13.2 km/h,快速跑为13.2~16.5 km/h,高速跑为16.5~20.0 km/h,冲刺跑为20 km/h以上;U15~U18年龄组走慢跑为0~9 km/h,低速跑为9.0~11.7 km/h,中速跑为11.7~14.4 km/h,快速跑为14.4~18.0 km/h,高速跑为18.0~21.9 km/h,冲刺跑为21.9 km/h以上。结论:研究所构建的跑动速度区间具有较佳的理论依据和适用性,可以更客观、精确地提高男子青少年足球运动队日常训练、比赛中外部负荷的监控水平。     

“十三五”校园足球改革发展成效及提升策略研究

运用文献资料法、专家访谈法,对“十三五”期间我国校园足球取得的成就及面临的发展困境进行了梳理和分析。在汲取国外足球强国发展经验与教训的基础上,提出以下发展策略与建议:通过建立和完善校园足球发展的长效机制,加强校园足球文化建设,实现校园足球发展的多元驱动;充分利用体育行业协会以及社会其他机构部门的资源,健全与完善校园足球保障体系;教育部门与体育行业协会间要构建青少年足球发展的协同机制,打破壁垒,全面清理不利于青少年足球发展的体制障碍,共同构建“一体化”的青训体系。