Extraordinary wave manipulation characteristics of nonlinear inertant acoustic metamaterials

Since being postulated more than a decade ago, inerters have been successfully employed to enhance the dynamic performance of mechanical systems in several applications. Their ability to lend a high dynamic mass presence to systems that employ them with only a relatively small static device mass makes them unique among mechanical elements. This study explores the mechanical wave manipulation characteristics of nonlinear inertant acoustic metamaterial (NLIAM) configurations using analysis and simulations for their one-dimensional discrete element lattice representations. Firstly, based on notional concepts for nonlinear inertant devices, potential frequency-dependent and acceleration-dependent nonlinear inertant models are identified. Using an effective mass model for the NLIAM with frequency-dependent inertance in the local resonator attachment, the dispersion characteristics of inverse square law and power law inertance models are examined and contrasted with those for an acoustic metamaterial with frequency invariant inertance. While a tuned inverse square law inertance model ensures the existence of a band gap over almost the entire frequency bandwidth of interest even encompassing the extremely low frequency regime, the low and high frequency limits for this inertance law would not be realizable in practice. A potentially more practical power law approximation is proposed and shown to deliver a widening of the band gap by more than 100% towards frequencies below the lower bound of the band gap for the acoustic metamaterial with frequency invariant inertance. Further, drawing inspiration from the Duffing-type stiffness, an acceleration-dependent cubically nonlinear inertance model is proposed. First order corrections to the dispersion characteristics are obtained for an NLIAM with acceleration-dependent inertance using a perturbation approach. For weakly nonlinear cases, excitation amplitude-activated shifts in the dispersion curves are found to enable this NLIAM to act as a passive adaptive filter for mechanical waves based solely on their excitation amplitude. Practical manifestations of such NLIAM could therefore provide a means to realize extraordinary wave manipulation capabilities especially suitable for low frequency structural dynamic applications.     

等离子体天线轴向密度数值模拟和辐射图计算

由于电子密度分布、激励功率、气压等因素的影响，等离子体天线参数（增益、方向图等）通常难以求解。本文利用时域差分建立电磁波沿等离子体天线激励和传播的模型，得到不同参数（如激励功率、碰撞频率、等离子体迟豫时间、每个电子对所需能量）对等离子体轴向电子密度分布的影响，解释了不同激励情况下电子密度的线性和非线性分布，并解决了信号沿等离子体天线传播的波矢分布、辐射方向图的求解问题。     

Transmission Line Circuit Models for Dielectric Waveguide

A general procedure is outlined for obtaining single or coupled transmission line models to represent the propagation of surface wave modes in conductively unshielded dielectric waveguides. The procedure uses a homogeneous electrically or magnetically walled waveguide having the same dimensions as the dielectric of the surface waveguide, to produce a set of orthogonal eigenfunctions. These eigenfunctions are projected upon Maxwell's equations resulting in a system of transmission lines coupled together through a wave immittance, which represents the ratio of a longitudinal and a transverse field component at the dielectric-air interface. Examples are given for various modes of the dielectric slab and the dielectric rod, in particular the HE_1n modes for the latter. The transmission line models derived for these examples consist of a single trasmission line found directly by projection or reduced from a coupled transmission line model by port elimination, or of two transmission lines coupled together. All circuit models derived preserve the basic properties of surface waves (e.g. no solution below cut-off), and any of the single line models can be solved to give explicit approximate algebraic formulae for the propagation constant as a function of frequency. Numerical results show that the dispersion curves calculated from the models versus exact values are generally excellent over the entire frequency spectrum.     

Using laser Doppler vibrometry to measure capillary surface waves on fluid-fluid interfaces

Capillary wave phenomena are challenging to study, especially for microfluidics where the wavelengths are short, the frequencies are high, and the frequency distribution is rarely confined to a narrow range, let alone a single frequency. Those that have been studying Faraday capillary waves generated by vertical oscillation have chosen to work at larger scales and at low frequencies as a solution to this problem, trading simplicity in measurement for issues with gravity, boundary conditions, and the fidelity of the subharmonic capillary wave motion. Laser Doppler vibrometry using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer is an attractive alternative: The interface’s motion can be characterized at frequencies up to 40 MHz and displacements of as little as a few tens of picometers.     

Median measure: an approach to IR systems evaluation

In this paper results from three studies examining 1295 relevance judgments by 36 information retrieval (IR) system end-users is reported. Both the region of the relevance judgments, from non-relevant to highly relevant, and the motivations or levels for the relevance judgments are examined. Three major findings are studied. First, the frequency distributions of relevance judgments by IR system end-users tend to take on a bi-modal shape with peaks at the extremes (non-relevant/relevant) with a flatter middle range. Second, the different type of scale (interval or ordinal) used in each study did not alter the shape of the relevance frequency distributions. And third, on an interval scale, the median point of relevance judgment distributions correlates with the point where relevant and partially relevant items begin to be retrieved. The median point of a distribution of relevance judgments may provide a measure of user/IR system interaction to supplement precision/recall measures. The implications of investigation for relevance theory and IR systems evaluation are discussed.     

毫米波近程主动扫描成像研究

文章介绍了一套Ka波段毫米波近程成像系统。振荡器产生频率为35GHz的毫米波,通过透镜天线照射到目标各点进行扫描,检测目标各点回波信号的强弱,采集信号并传输数据给计算机,最终得到目标各点的反射特性,做成毫米波图像。成像原理,即对低噪放和检波放大模块进行了性能测试,利用成像系统对携有金属锉刀的人体模型进行了成像实验得到可辨别的图像。此系统可用于机场,车站,码头的安全检查中。     

浅谈太赫兹波技术及其应用

太赫兹(THz)波是指频率在0.1T—10THz(波长为3000—30μm)范围内的电磁波。本文简单介绍了太赫兹波的主要特征及其在成像、军事安全、生物医学、天文物理等方面的应用。     

基于ERA-Interim再分析数据的OE-W01区块波浪能资源评估

波浪能是一种重要的海洋可再生能源,开发利用波浪能资源可以有效地缓解常规能源短缺所带来的能源问题,波浪能资源分布状况的可靠评估是开发利用波浪能资源的前提条件。利用ECMWF ERA-Interim 1992-2011年0.75°×0.75°的较高精度的海浪场数据,计算了OE-W01区块(中国渤海、黄海及东海的部分区域)的波浪能流密度以及波能资源的可用度频率、富集度频率、变化指数等评价指标。对该海域的波浪能资源进行了全面评估。研究发现:渤海海域波浪能资源呈现非常明显的季节分布特征,秋冬季较丰富、春夏季较贫乏,秋冬季为波浪能资源的主要利用期,波浪能资源的相对富集区集中在渤海海峡以及渤海和黄海相连通的区域;黄海海域(包括东海部分海域)波浪能资源也呈现季节分布特征,与渤海不同,该海域90%的区域年平均波浪能流密度均在2kW/m以上,波浪能资源的可用范围较大,时间较长,波浪能资源的富集区集中在长江口东部海域以及舟山群岛东南部海域。在此基础上确定了波浪能资源的重点开发利用区,可为该海域的波浪能资源的开发利用提供参考依据。     

波函数塌缩问题及物理量期望值表达式的讨论

为把波函数的塌缩与实验观测联系起来,通过“在一个足够长的时间段内空间某点位置通过实验获得的某物理量观测数据的个数与波函数在空间该点的概率成正比”的假设,得到了物理量平均值的表达式,给出了一个意义更加明确的物理量观测值的数学表达式。     

Generalized procedure of the reduction method for vibrating problems of orthotropic plates

A reduction method is proposed for deriving an approximate formula for estimating the natural frequency of an orthotropic plate by using the results of an isotropic one. To justify the method, approximate formulae for estimating the natural frequency of clamped orthotropic rectangular and elliptical plates are derived from results previously reported for clamped isotropic rectangular and elliptical ones, respectively. The accuracy of the approximate formulae is discussed.     

Predefined-time parameter estimation via modified dynamic Regressor extension and mixing

This paper presents a novel switching predefined-time parameter identification algorithm with a relaxed excitation condition based on the dynamic regressor extension and mixing (DREM) method. DREM often requires the persistent excitation (PE) of the extended square regressor's determinant to ensure exponential parameter convergence. Unlike the classical DREM method, a new parameter identification algorithm configured with a two-layer filter technique is proposed under a relaxed initial excitation (IE) condition, rather than strict PE. A key point in choosing IE instead of PE is the introduction of a smooth switching function that dominates the pure integral action and filter behavior of the extended square regressor. The proposed algorithm relies on the predefined-time stability theorem and the settling-time of the identification algorithm is set a priori as a system parameter. The contributions of this paper are a novel switching predefined-time parameter estimation algorithm that 1) relaxes the stringent PE condition, 2) achieves predefined-time convergence, and 3) guarantees the monotonicity of each element of the parameter error inherited from the classical DREM method. Comparative simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Frequency dependent dynamic properties from resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests

The resonant column (RC) and cyclic triaxial (CT) devices are commonly used for the measurement of soils’ dynamic properties. The results of these tests do not agree when extrapolated to similar strain levels. The main objectives of this paper are to evaluate the effect of excitation frequency on the dynamic properties of soils, and to provide a methodology to reconcile shear modulus values obtained from RC and CT tests. The effect of frequency on the dynamic properties is evaluated using the new non-resonance (NR) method in the RC device and CT tests. Sand specimens with varying percentages of bentonite-water mixture and a clay specimen are tested. The results obtained from RC tests utilizing the NR method indicate significant change in shear modulus with frequency. The extrapolation of shear modulus from the conventional RC results to shear strains used in CT is significantly overestimated. The extrapolations improved when the results were corrected for frequency effect inferred from the NR method.     

Spatial selective manipulation of microbubbles by tunable surface acoustic waves

A microfluidic device based on a pair of slant-finger interdigital transducers (SFITs) is developed to achieve a selective and flexible manipulation of microbubbles (MBs) by surface acoustic waves (SAWs). The resonance frequency of SAWs generated by the SFITs depends on the location of its parallel pathway; the particles at different locations of the SAWs'' pathway can be controlled selectively by choosing the frequency of the excitation signal applied on the SFITs. By adjusting the input signal continuously, MBs can be transported along the acoustic aperture precisely. The displacement of MBs has a linear relationship with the frequency shift. The resolution of transportation is 15.19 ± 2.65 μm when the shift of input signal frequency is at a step of 10 kHz. In addition, the MBs can be controlled in a two-dimensional plane by combining variations of the frequency and the relative phase of the excitation signal applied on the SFITs simultaneously. This technology may open up the possibility of selectively and flexibly manipulating MBs using a simple one-dimensional device.     

Travelling-wave analysis of generalized multiconductor systems

The behaviour of multiconductor systems is analysed from a fundamental travelling-wave point of view. Generalized wave parameters are derived for a two-port multiconductor system from which image and iterative parameters follow as special cases. The relationship of these to short-circuit parameters is also given.     

Planar lens integrated capillary action microfluidic immunoassay device for the optical detection of troponin I

Optical based analysis in microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip systems are currently considered the gold standard methodology for the determination of end point reactions for various chemical and biological reaction processes. Typically, assays are performed using bulky ancillary apparatus such as microscopes and complex optical excitation and detection systems. Such instrumentation negates many of the advantages offered by device miniaturisation, particularly with respect to overall portability. In this article, we present a CO₂ laser ablation technique for rapidly prototyping on-chip planar lenses, in conjunction with capillary action based autonomous microfluidics, to create a miniaturised and fully integrated optical biosensing platform. The presented self-aligned on-chip optical components offer an efficient means to direct excitation light within microfluidics and to directly couple light from a LED source. The device has been used in conjunction with a miniaturised and bespoke fluorescence detection platform to create a complete, palm sized system (≈60 × 80 × 60 mm) capable of performing fluoro-immunoassays. The system has been applied to the detection of cardiac Troponin I, one of the gold standard biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, achieving a lower detection limit of 0.08 ng/ml, which is at the threshold of clinically applicable concentrations. The portable nature of the complete system and the biomarker detection capabilities demonstrate the potential of the devised instrumentation for use as a medical diagnostics device at the point of care.     

Convexity of the Energy Domain

A basic theorem describing the convexity of the energy domain for the general family of linear time-invariant (active or passive, reciprocal or non-reciprocal, lumped or distributed, single variable or multivariable) physical system {T} is proved.Theorem: Let F = P + jQ represent the complex energy associated with any linear physical system T (n-port). For any specified excitation of frequency s and the family of constant energy content input signals {i:∥i∥= constant}, the point F describes a convex domain in the {P;Q} plane.Part I contains a mathematical and a network theoretic proof of the foregoing theorem. In Part II the geometric nature of the energy loci for the two-ports is examined. It is shown that for all two-ports with double eigenvalves the energy domain is circular. For two-ports with distinct eigenvalves, the convex energy domain is an ellipse. The geometric characterization of this elliptic domain is examined and examples verified by computer.The concept of convexity is frequently exploited in optimization of energy in electric power system and quadratic cost functions in control theory. In this respect the central theorem of this paper, its proof and geometric ramifications should prove to be of basic interest for all linear systems.     

基于单片机的变频调速技术在矿用电机车上的应用

针对矿用直流架线电机车在调速过程中采用落后的直流电机方式及浪费大量电能的问题,提出了一种由交流异步电动机拖动电机车的调速系统方案。逆变器采用电压空间矢量控制方式,利用单片机生成PWM波,优化了系统的调速性能。     

Two-dimensional spatial manipulation of microparticles in continuous flows in acoustofluidic systems

We report a modeling and experimental study of techniques to acoustically focus particles flowing through a microfluidic channel. Our theoretical model differs from prior works in that we solve an approximate 2-D wave transmission model that accounts for wave propagation in both the solid and fluid phases. Our simulations indicate that particles can be effectively focused at driving frequencies as high as 10% off of the resonant condition. This conclusion is supported by experiments on the acoustic focusing of particles in nearly square microchannels, which are studied for different flow rates, driving frequencies and placements of the lead zirconate titanate transducer, either underneath the microchannel or underneath a parallel trough. The relative acoustic potential energy and the resultant velocity fields for particles with positive acoustic contrast coefficients are estimated in the 2-D limit. Confocal microscopy was used to observe the spatial distribution of the flowing microparticles in three dimensions. Through these studies, we show that a single driving frequency from a single piezoelectric actuator can induce the 2-D concentration of particles in a microchannel with a nearly square cross section, and we correlate these behaviors with theoretical predictions. We also show that it is possible to control the extent of focusing of the microparticles, and that it is possible to decouple the focusing of microparticles in the vertical direction from the lateral direction in rectangular channels with anisotropic cross sections. This study provides guidelines to design and operate microchip-based acoustofluidic devices for precise control over the spatial arrangement of microparticles for applications such as flow cytometry and cellular sorting.     

大中尺度波流相互作用理论的研究

介绍了作者所在课题组在瞬变波与纬向平均流的相互作用 ,重力波上传破碎对平均流拖曳的参数化问题 ,低频波能量频散的广义波射线理论和与地形有关的波流相互作用的理论及应用问题研究方面取得的进展。     

太赫兹波及其产生方法的研究

阐述了太赫兹波的主要特征、太赫兹辐射产生的各种方法及其探测方法,重点介绍了产生THz辐射的光学方法和电子学方法。光学方法包括远红外光泵浦、利用超短激光脉冲产生THz辐射以及利用非线性频率变换过程产生THz辐射;电子学方法包括THz量子级连激光器、利用自由电子的THz辐射源、基于高能加速器的THz辐射源和电子学振荡器频率转换。