教师：培训的主体

师训,教师是被服务的主体。但反观时下师训,教师却成了附属品。究其原因,是因为培训者没把准师训的“脉”。这种培训,往往是培训者为培训而培训,受训者把培训当任务,没有互动,更少有学习的生成。     

新时期培训者的素质与发展

新时期中小学教师培训者角色的转变要求培训者拥有相应的素质。一个新时期的培训者应该有激情,即有崇高的理想、坚定的信念、高涨的热情;有责任心,即对自己负责、对学员负责、对学校负责;有智慧,即有知识、有能力、有机智。培训者素质提高的基本途径是善于学习、恒于科研、勤于反思和勇于实践。     

新加坡"早期儿童发展培训者培训"项目简述

新加坡“早期儿童发展培训者培训”是由新加坡政府发起、面向发展中国家的一个学前教育师资培训项目。新加坡培训方在实施这个项目时,注重从受训者的需要出发,制定具有针对性的培训计划;注重采取适合成人学习的方式,引导受训者主动学习;注重营造平等和相互尊重的培训氛围,让每个受训者积极参与;注重发挥培训者作为引导者、协调者和促进者的角色和作用;注重创设材料丰富而灵活多变的培训环境。     

让培训者拥有持续引领教师发展的能力

教师是课程改革的关键。长期以来,教育界一直把如何引领教师专业发展作为深化素质教育改革、推进课程改革的中心议题。在此过程中,教师进修院校的培训者作为专业领导者、服务指导者、课题研究者等一直支持、指导、服务于教师们的专业发展。但是,如何在引领他人发展的同时,让培训者自己也得到一定程度的专业发展？为此,教师进修院校将培训者队伍的打造定位为学院的本体性核心任务,理论上研究培训者的专业结构,思考其作为“教师的教师”应该具有的专业素养;实践中通过多元途径,加强其体验、经历和反思,引领培训者的专业发展。两者相结合,全力提升培训者的学术研究能力、课程开发能力、专业指导能力、教育测评能力等。     

远程培训中辅导教师的角色意识和素质要求

随着现代信息技术的迅速发展,远程培训逐步成为中小学教师学习新课程、新知识、新技能的重要途径。与传统的教师培训形式比,远程培训具有开放、快捷、个性化、互动共生的特点。远程培训的这些特点,确立了以学员为中心的地位,强调学员在学习过程中的主动性和自觉性。但是,这并不等于削弱了培训者（辅导教师）在教学中的地位和作用,相反,这种地位和作用显得更加突出和重要。那么,面对新的培训形式、新的培训任务和新的培训手段,辅导教师应该树立哪些角色意识,应该具备哪些方面的素质呢？     

“在线学习”境脉对话的设计与组织

线上线下混合学习的方式,将成为未来教育发展的大趋势。学习,是一个复杂的综合概念,是特定境脉下个体综合性、实践性的动态交互认知过程。“在线学习”脱离实境,要求学习者有很强的元认知能力。教师强化“境脉对话”的设计与组织成为教学的重点,可以从精心设计境脉任务、有序联结学习要素、自主探索经验建构三个方面提供技术支撑,助推“在线学习”的有效性和学生核心素养的生成。     

学员是丰富的培训资源

中小学教师培训者应如何围绕新课程开展教师培训?在教学实践中,我的体会是:首先要转变培训观念,要认识到学员是丰富的培训资源。1.要从观念上认识到学员的资源价值。已往的教师继续教育多采用满堂灌的形式,培训者是培训主体,学员基本上处于被动学习的状态,学习的主动性、积极性不高。新课程背景下的教师继续教育,要充分认识到学员既是受训者、学习者,也是课程的主人,是培训内容的主动创造者,是非常丰富的培训资源。2.引导学员利用好自身资源。在培训中除了为学员提供丰富的材料外,还要重视引导学员从自身的经验出发,创造、设计课程,促使学员…     

“和谐社会”视野中教师培训活动的思考

和谐社会的建设必然使教育走向和谐,走向和谐的教育要求教师培训要率先倡导和谐。以和谐的培训关系与培训形态开展教师培训,就要致力于培训者与受训者之间,受训者与受训者之间,培训者、受训者与培训环境之间的和谐,努力营造一个教师培训课堂的高度和谐。     

论远程学习者对网络学习境脉的把握能力

从阐述网络学习境脉的内涵出发,讨论远程学习者应该具备的对网络学习境脉的把握能力,包括对知识的、技术的与社会的等三个境脉维度的把握能力;针对每一维度又涵盖认知、应用以及调控与构建等三个能力层面。同时,还进一步探讨了远程学习者应该如何养成和提升自己对网络学习境脉的把握能力。     

转型期中小学体育教师培训的期待——基于江苏省100名中小学体育教师远程培训的调查分析

通过对江苏省100名中小学体育教师远程培训者的调查分析,从受训者形式分类、受训者成长阶段、受训者的成长类型、施训者的分类四个培训的重要因素对受训者的期望做了详细的研究.提出培训要设置“准”条件、调查“根”问题、关注“真”需要、培训“多”途径、评价“严”要求的培训创新思路.这对提高培训效率具有很强的现实意义.     

论总经理在ERP建设过程中的角色定位

中国企业的信息化成功与否,关键在于企业最高领导者能否把信息化应用上升到作为改造企业的发展战略,进而寻找有效的实施方式和改造方法.因此,信息化是“一把手”工程,企业总经理在实施过程的不同阶段,应该充当企业信息化的领头羊,应该是企业信息化战略实施的推动者、参与者.仅有企业管理手段的信息化,而没有企业最高层领导的管理思维、管理观念的信息化,这个企业就不是真正的信息化企业.     

Theory of mind and self-control: more than a common problem of inhibition

This study tested the theory that advances on theory-of-mind tasks and on executive function tasks show a strong correlation because the typically used theory-of-mind tasks pose the same executive demands. In Experiment 1 with fifty-six 3- to 6-year-old children, performance on the dimensional change card-sorting task as an executive function task was correlated with performance on the usual false-belief prediction task, r = .65, and the false-belief explanation task, r = .65, as measures of theory-of-mind development. Because the explanation version of the false-belief test is supposed to be free of the alleged executive demands inherent in the prediction version, the equally strong correlation with the executive function task suggests that this correlation cannot be due to common executive demands. In Experiment 2, the basic finding of Experiment 1 was replicated on another sample of 73 children, ages 3 to 5.5 years. The need for new theories to explain the developmental link between theory of mind and executive function development is discussed, and some existing candidates are evaluated.     

学生伤害事故处理:一个“有条件”的《办法》

由教育部制定的《学生伤害事故处理办法》(以下简称《办法》),已于2002年9月1日起施行。《办法》的出台,让人惊喜之余,也让人深思:1.如果《办法》的目的要保护学校的合法权益,则在具体规定上会倾向于校方的利益,如诸多“有条件的”规定,难以从根本上保护学生的合法权益;2.规定由主管的教育行政机关进行调解是不合适的;3.由学生承担举证责任显失公平;4.由学校负担的赔偿金,不应当由学校负责筹措,而应当由举办者筹措;5.《办法》属于政府部门规章,教育部作为行政机关无权规定民事诉讼中的责任。所以,《办法》在法院判案时只能作为参考,并不能作为判案依据。在当今这样一个关注人权的时代,学生伤害事故的处理是不容许讲“条件”的,是“无条件”、而不应该是“有条件”的。     

从执行力角度谈新形势下的中职语文教学

从执行力的角度来探讨中职语文教学,当前的教学实践中还存在教学预设盲目与教学氛围麻木等不足,在执行力的实现上还有着较大的改进空间。学校应该加强教师的掌控力与感染力,善待学生的张扬力,发挥主动力,打造信息化教学环境下的高效课堂。     

Early Childhood Predictors of Post-Kindergarten Executive Function: Behavior, Parent-Report, and Psychophysiology

RESEARCH FINDINGS: This study examined whether children's executive functions before kindergarten would predict variance in executive functions after kindergarten. We obtained behavioral (working memory task performance), parental-reported (temperament-based inhibitory control), and psychophysiological (working memory-related changes in heart rate and brain electrical activity) measures of executive functions from a group of preschool-aged children. After children finished kindergarten, approximately 2 years later, parents were asked to complete an assessment of children's executive function skills. A regression analysis revealed that pre-kindergarten behavioral, parental-reported, and psychophysiological measures accounted for variance in post-kindergarten executive functions. Specifically, working memory task performance, temperament-based inhibitory control, and working memory-related changes in brain electrical activity accounted for unique variance in post-kindergarten executive functions. These data provide a unique contribution to the executive function literature: No other study has examined whether behavioral, psychophysiological, and parental-reported executive function measures can account for unique variance in future executive function. PRACTICE OR POLICY: These findings are discussed in relation to children's transition to school and executive function training programs.     

Differential relationships between RAN performance,behaviour ratings,and executive function measures: Searching for a double dissociation

Abstract. In this study, we investigated the relationships between rapid naming of letters, digits and colours, and reading ability and executive function. We gave fifty-six grade three and four children rapid automatised naming tasks using letters and digits as stimuli, executive function measures including the Stroop task, a working memory task and the Trailmaking B task. The latter three tasks were used as measures of executive function. We also administered tests of verbal ability, reading and a behaviour checklist. The rapid naming of letters and digits was significantly correlated with reading, but not with executive function or behaviour ratings. The rapid naming of colours (from the Stroop task) was significantly correlated with the executive function tasks and the behaviour ratings but not with reading. We discuss the implications of this double dissociation for further studies of RAN.     

Neuropsychology of Early-treated Phenylketonuria: Specific Executive Function Deficits

This study explored the hypothesis that children with early-treated phenylketonuria (PKU) are selectively impaired on executive function measures, even when still on diet. The rationale for this hypothesis is that even mild elevations in phenylalanine (Phe) can lead to lower central levels of biogenic amines, including dopamine (DA). We hypothesize that this mild DA depletion causes subtle prefrontal dysfunction, which in turn affects executive functions such as set maintenance, planning, and organized search. 11 preschool early-treated PKU children (M age = 4.64) and a sample of age- and IQ-matched unaffected peers (n = 11) were evaluated on a battery of executive function (EF) measures. In addition, a "non-executive function" task, recognition memory, was administered to all subjects. Group comparisons demonstrated that PKU children were significantly impaired on an executive function composite score; there were no group differences, however, in recognition memory. These results supported the hypothesized specific deficit in executive function. Furthermore, within the PKU group the executive function composite score was significantly negatively correlated with concurrent phenylalanine levels, even after controlling for the correlation between IQ and executive function skills. This second finding provides support for the proposed biochemical mechanism underlying the specific cognitive deficits.     

Executive function and verbal self-regulation in childhood: Developmental linkages between partially internalized private speech and cognitive flexibility

Recent studies have noted that executive function and the use of self-regulatory private speech are related in childhood, and proposed that the critical leap that occurs in the development of executive function between the ages of three and six years may be due to the onset of language-based self-regulatory functions at this age. This research explored the relationship between executive function and private speech in a cross-sectional study of 81 children between four and seven years of age. The children performed an executive function task, the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS), and children's use of private speech was observed during a categorization task. The results indicated that, after controlling for children's age, gender, verbal abilities, and fluid reasoning, children's use of partially internalized private speech during the categorization task was significantly related to the number of phases successfully passed on the DCCS task, which required them to switch between card sorting rules. Children who used more partially internalized private speech were more likely to pass the most challenging phase of the DCCS task that assesses the ability to flexibly use different sorting rules according to a higher-order rule. We discuss the role of verbal mediation in the development of cognitive flexibility and its implications for the design of intervention programs for children who possess deficits of executive function.     

行政权利运行中非常规行为的经济学分析

文章从经济学寻租理论出发,联系实际案例,结合我国具体国情,对行政权利运行中的寻租现象进行深入分析,阐述了行政职位寻租问题的原因和造成的社会成本。从制度经济学角度来看,行政权利运行中寻租问题的有效遏制,除了要做好干部人事制度的改革完善工作外,更应该将之与相关的法律、监督、民主等体系相配套,才能真正起到科学有效的治理作用。     

State anxiety and working memory in children: A test of processing efficiency theory

This study investigated the effect of individual differences in state anxiety on tasks tapping the central executive, phonological, and visuo‐spatial components of working memory (WM). It was designed to test Eysenck and Calvo’s processing efficiency theory (PET) which suggests that the phonological and executive components of WM may be important in understanding learning outcomes in anxiety. Typically‐developing children aged 9–10 years were split into high and low state anxiety groups. They performed three WM tasks – forward and backward digit span (assumed to measure phonological and central executive components of WM respectively) and a spatial working memory task (measuring the visuo‐spatial component of WM). Measurements of task accuracy were taken as an indicator of performance outcome or effectiveness. Time taken to complete tasks and a subjective rating of mental effort were taken as measurements of performance efficiency. No differences were found between high and low state anxiety groups in task accuracy for any measure. Children in the high state anxiety group, however, took longer to complete the backward digit span task and reported increased mental effort in the forward digit span task, indicating some effect of anxiety on measures of performance efficiency.