未成年人问题行为的矫正

对于未成年人问题行为的矫正,一般比较注重行为主义的方法。行为主义认为,人类多数行为是习得的,可以传授、改变和塑造,它关注个体所处的环境,并试图从环境中找到行为问题的解决方案。最常用的方法主要有两类:强化法和认知矫正。一、强化法1.正强化法当学生出现问题行为时,老师     

未成年人问题行为的矫正

对于未成年人问题行为的矫正,一般比较注重行为主义的方法。行为主义认为,人类多数行为是习得的,可以传授、改变和塑造,它关注个体所处的环境,并试图从环境中找到行为问题的解决方案。最常用的方法主要有两类:强化法和认知矫正。一、强化法1.正强化法当学生出现问题行为时,老师总是试图教授给学生一种积极行为以代替问题行为。这时,正强化就是首选的干预手段。在学生表现出老师所期望的积极行为之后,给予奖励,以增强或者维持积极行为发生的频率、持续时间及强度。代币制就是一种符号强化体系,学生可以用代币取代物品或活动行为强化。     

行为主义关于课堂问题行为预防和矫正的研究

行为主义是一个重要的心理学流派。对行为主义学习理论关于课堂问题行为产生的原因、矫正的程序以及采用的矫正策略的研究，为教育提供了预防和矫正问题行为的理论依据和实践经验。     

课堂行为契约与后果阶梯

行为契约是美国课堂管理流派行为主义控制派的管理方法之一。行为主义控制派有严明的纪律模式和行为矫正模式 ,行为矫正模式常常利用行为契约去矫正学生的行为。本文分析了课堂行为契约的各种类型 ,并对课堂行为契约的后果阶梯 (奖励与惩罚 )进行了探讨     

美国课堂管理中的新方法:行为契约

行为契约是美国课堂管理行为主义控制派的管理方法之一,用以矫正学生的行为.本文介绍了课堂行为契约的种种类型,并对它的起草、签订和修改进行了讨论,对课堂行为契约的功能与机理等问题进行了探索.     

行为—认知教学法在阅读教学中的运用

行为—认知教学法是在吸收行为主义心理学和认知结构心理学的精髓后提出的一种语言教学策略。在阅读教学中,运用行为—认知教学法,教师可根据学生的心理特点,创设适宜的阅读情境;根据文本表达特点、语言学习规律、阅读心理特征,组织学生展开阅读演绎活动、思想表达活动和阅读对比活动,使学生获得阅读能力的提高。     

认知失调理论对品行不良儿童辅导的启示

我国传统的教育一直偏重于用行为主义学习理论培养儿童的良好行为和解释儿童的不良行为，而相对忽视对个体认知心理规律作用的认识。认知失调理论的提出为辅导和矫正儿童的品行不良问题提供了新的视角。学习和研究这一理论，对有效实施中小学思想品德教育有着重要的理论借鉴价值和实践启示意义。     

20世纪美国新行为主义心理学的行为观解析

20世纪美国新行为主义心理学家在理解行为和行为解释原则方面存在着差异。认知行为主义者托尔曼对行为采取了整体式定义 ,而激进行为主义者斯金纳则强调行为是一种关系。与之相随 ,托尔曼强调机体的内部因素对行为的影响 ,赫尔强调行为内部的可能机制 ,斯金纳则强调选择、制导行为的相关环境事件及其与行为构成的选择性相互作用。     

行为主义、认知主义和建构主义理论在运动技术教学过程中的应用

运动技术教学的目的是为了促进学生更好地学习,研究运动技术学习过程内在规律的学习理论是教学技术发展的关键因素。明晰行为主义、认知主义和建构主义学习理论的相关主张,可以为运动技术教学提供理论指导,在促进教学工作者自身认知结构不断提升的同时,促进教学工作的完善,利于学生学习行为的发生。     

行为—认知教学法在小学语文阅读教学中的实践策略探究

阅读教学是小学语文教学的一大重点,强调培养学生的阅读能力、思维能力,掌握更多的语言知识与规律。在当前小学语文阅读教学中,行为—认知教学法有较广泛的应用,关注学生的认知能力和行为能力,可以在认知心理学、行为主义心理学的基础上展开教学,有较好的应用效果。基于新课程改革对小学语文阅读教学所提出的新要求,教师应更加重视行为—认知教学法的渗透和应用,以求有力革新阅读教学模式,达到培养和发展学生阅读能力的目的。文章先对行为—认知教学法做简要的介绍,然后谈一谈小学语文阅读教学中应用行为—认知教学法的优势之处,最后重点论述小学语文阅读教学中应用行为—认知教学法的策略措施,一是结合阅读和倾听,二是结合阅读和表达,三是促进阅读与写作的互补。     

当前青少年越轨行为的特点及成因

本根据当前青少年越轨行为的情况，探析青少年越轨行为的特点与成因，指出青少年越轨行为具有种类多、数量大、暴力性、低龄化、团伙化等特点。化、都市化及家庭因素的消极方面是青少年越轨行为的三大主因。而预防和减少青少年越轨行为在于加强教育，提高青少年的思想、道德和法律意识。     

Peer victimization,deviant peer affiliation and impulsivity: Predicting adolescent problem behaviors

Abundant evidence has demonstrated an association between peer victimization and adolescent problem behaviors. However, there is a large gap in knowledge about the potential mediators that associate peer victimization with problem behaviors and the potential moderators that exacerbate or buffer this association. The current study examined whether deviant peer affiliation mediated the association between peer victimization and problem behaviors and whether the direct and indirect associations were moderated by impulsivity. A sample of 1401 adolescents (50.1% boys, 11–14 years old) completed anonymous questionnaires regarding peer victimization, impulsivity, deviant peer affiliation, and problem behaviors. Gender, age and socioeconomic status (SES) were controlled for in the analyses. Structural equation models showed that peer victimization was significantly associated with more problem behaviors, and this association was mediated by deviant peer affiliation. Impulsivity moderated both the direct association (peer victimization → problem behaviors) and the second stage of the indirect path (deviant peer affiliation → problem behaviors). Specifically, these associations were especially stronger for adolescents with higher impulsivity. Identifying the processes by which peer victimization is associated with adolescent problem behaviors has important implications for an integrative framework of theory and prevention.     

Parental manipulation of the behavior of normal and deviant children.

The present study examined the ability of parents to bias home-observation data by influencing their child's behavior in socially desirable and undesirable directions. Parents of 12 deviant and 12 non-deviant boys, aged 4-8, were given the response set to present their child as "good", "bad", and usual (normal) during 6 45-minute observations of family interaction. Deviant and non-deviant children showed significantly more deviant behavior under the bad condition as compared with normal, whereas their good and normal conditions did not differ. Parent positive and negative behaviors were related to changes in child deviant behavior for the deviant sample; parent positive and commanding behaviors were related to changes in child deviant behavior for the nondeviant sample. Parent self-report of behavior change was generally consistent with the observation data. The results suggested implications for naturalistic observations of families and for child behavior change interventions.     

加强中小学生偏差行为预防的综合素质评价研究

中小学生综合素质评价工作在预防中小学生违法、减少偏差行为发生的教育方面担负着极其重要的责任.在结合"枫桥经验"社会治理理论、布朗芬布伦纳发展生态学理论、责任分散效应、临界教育分级处遇制度理论基础上,加强中小学生偏差行为预防的综合素质评价应着重从以下四方面深入工作.一是完善评价体系中关于偏差行为预防的测评内容,从制度上明确将偏差行为测评列入中小学生综合素质测评的具体操作方式和相关评价标准.二是完善评价体系,成立由学校、社会、家庭、学生共同开展评价的全方位、多角度评价.三是完善后续应对措施,筛选出偏差行为 高风险的学生参与综合素养提升活动,充分引入家庭课堂、社会心理服务资源等,针对性开展后续应对.四是建立跟踪制度,通过社会服务、亲职教育、相关团体辅导、成长小组、个案咨询等多种形式分析记录,建立中小学生的综合素质评价长效跟踪机制.     

Teacher Classroom Management Skills and Pupil Behavior

An experimental group of 20 in service elementary teachers was trained using the Utah State University Classroom Management Protocol Modules, and compared before and after training with a control group of 9 teachers. Although the experimental teachers received more favorable post-training scores on all 13 classroom management behaviors covered in the modules, the differences were generally small and nonsignificant. The level of work involvement and deviant behavior of pupils of the experimental group teachers was also compared before and after the teachers had been trained. In recitation situations, pupil work involvement increased and deviant behavior decreased significantly. In seat work situations, pupil work involvement increased significantly, but no significant changes occurred in deviant behavior.     

Neurobiological Sensitivity to Social Rewards and Punishments Moderates Link Between Peer Norms and Adolescent Risk Taking

Although peer influence is a strong predictor of adolescents’ risk-taking behaviors, not all adolescents are susceptible to their peer group. One hundred and thirty-six adolescents (M_age = 12.79 years) completed an fMRI scan, measures of perceived peer group norms, and engagement in risky behavior. Ventral striatum (VS) sensitivity when anticipating social rewards and avoiding social punishments significantly moderated the association between perceived peer norms and adolescents’ own risk behaviors. Perceptions of more deviant peer norms were associated with increased risky behavior, but only for adolescents with high VS sensitivity; adolescents with low VS sensitivity were resilient to deviant peer norms, showing low risk taking regardless of peer context. Findings provide a novel contribution to the study of peer influence susceptibility.     

Developmental Pathways From Childhood Aggression–Disruptiveness,Chronic Peer Rejection,and Deviant Friendships to Early‐Adolescent Rule Breaking

Childhood aggression–disruptiveness (AD), chronic peer rejection, and deviant friendships were examined as predictors of early‐adolescent rule‐breaking behaviors. Using a sample of 383 children (193 girls and 190 boys) who were followed from ages 6 to 14, peer rejection trajectories were identified and incorporated into a series of alternative models to assess how chronic peer rejection and deviant friendships mediate the association between stable childhood AD and early‐adolescent rule breaking. There were multiple mediated pathways to rule breaking that included both behavioral and relational risk factors, and findings were consistent for boys and girls. Results have implications for better understanding the influence of multiple social processes in the continuity of antisocial behaviors from middle childhood to early adolescence.     

Effects of academic performance on the relationship between child maltreatment and deviant behavior: A national study in Taiwan

BackgroundChild maltreatment has been found to significantly increase the risk of deviant behavior. Academic performance has been shown to have an indirect effect on the relationship between child maltreatment and deviant behavior. However, not all adolescents who have been maltreated engage in deviant behavior, so the relationship between child maltreatment and deviant behavior has remained unclear.ObjectiveThe aim of this research was to examine the potential mediating and/or moderating effects of academic performance on the relationship between child maltreatment and deviant behavior.Participants and settingThe data in this study were from a nationwide study examining the consequences of childhood maltreatment in Taiwan. The database consisted of data from 2321 adolescents.MethodsA secondary data analysis was conducted. Self-report data were obtained on childhood maltreatment experiences, academic performance, and deviant behaviors. Path analyses and a generalized linear model were used to examine the effects of academic performance on the relationship between child maltreatment and deviant behavior.ResultsMost participants were male (61.4%), with a mean age of 15.9 years. The mean scores of self-rated academic performance and deviant behavior were 2.86 and 8.2, respectively. A total of 83% participants reported having experienced childhood maltreatment. In this study, academic performance was found to have a moderating rather than a mediating effect on the relationship between child maltreatment and deviant behavior. Among adolescents who had been maltreated during childhood, those who self-rated poorer academic performance were more likely to have a higher deviant behavior score than those who self-rated better academic performance.ConclusionsGood academic performance can be a buffer that reduces the risk of deviant behavior among individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment. Healthcare professionals and educators can tailor early prevention and intervention educational programs targeted toward adolescents with experience of childhood abuse or poor academic performance to prevent the incidence of deviant behavior and thus break the cycle of violence.     

Parents do matter: trajectories of change in externalizing and internalizing problems in early adolescence

This study examined the relative influence of three parenting behaviors (support, behavioral control, and psychological control) and deviant peers on trajectories of externalizing and internalizing problems in early adolescence. A white, working-to-middle-class sample of adolescents and their mothers and fathers in two-earner families participated in a 32-year longitudinal study (N = 109 families). The study began when the adolescents were in sixth grade (M age = 11.5 years). Analyses showed that parents' firm behavioral control seemed to halt the upward trajectory in externalizing problems among adolescents with deviant peers. Initial levels of internalizing problems were higher among adolescents with parents who reported lower levels of behavioral control and among adolescents with deviant peers. This study suggests that parenting exerts an important influence in adolescents' lives and may do so even in the face of potentially negative peer influence.     

Attachment and Adolescent Psychosocial Functioning

To explore the meaning and function of attachment organization during adolescence, its relation to multiple domains of psychosocial functioning was examined in a sample of 131 moderately at-risk adolescents. Attachment organization was assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview; multiple measures of functioning were obtained from parents, adolescents, and their peers. Security displayed in adolescents' organization of discourse about attachment experiences was related to competence with peers (as reported by peers), lower levels of internalizing behaviors (as reported by adolescents), and lower levels of deviant behavior (as reported by peers and by mothers). Preoccupation with attachment experiences, seen in angry or diffuse and unfocused discussion of attachment experiences, was linked to higher levels of both internalizing and deviant behaviors. These relations generally remained even when other attachment-related constructs that had been previously related to adolescent functioning were covaried in analyses. Results are interpreted as suggesting an important role for attachment organization in a wide array of aspects of adolescent psychosocial development.